(原创)2019新人教版高中英语选择性必修第二册 第三册 课文原文与翻译(word精校打印版)
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人教版(2019)高中英语选择性必修第二册课文原文与翻译Unit1Toraisenewquestions,newpossibilities,toregardoldproblemsfromanewanglerequirescreativeimaginationandmarksrealadvanceinscience.----AlbertEinstein&LeopoldInfeld译文:提出新的问题,发现新的可能,从新的角度审视已存在的问题,这些需要创造性的想象力,并标志着科学的真正进步。ReadingandThinkingJOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”约输•斯诺战胜“霍乱王”Cholerausedtobeoneofthemostfeareddiseasesintheworld,untilaBritishdoctor.JohnSnow,showedhowitcouldbeovercome.Thisillnesscausesseverediarrhoea,dehydration,andevendeath.Intheearly19thcentury,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitEurope,millionsofpeoplediedfromthedisease.Asayoungdoctor,JohnSnowbecamefrustratedbecausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera.Intime,herosetobecomeafamousdoctor,andevenattendedtoQueenVictoriawhenshegavebirth.However,heneverlosthisdesiretodestroycholeraonceandforall.在英国医生约翰・斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前,霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。它可导致严重腹泻、脱水甚至死亡。十九世纪初,崔乱暴发,肆虐欧洲,数百万人丧命。由于当时无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱,年轻的约翰・斯诺医生很沮丧。后来,他成了一位名医。甚至照料分娩的维多利亚女王。然而,他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望Ingeneral,doctorsinthosedayshadtwocontradictorytheoriestoexplainhowcholeraspread.Onetheorywasthatbadaircausedthedisease.Anotherwasthatcholerawascausedbyaninfectionfromgermsinfoodorwater.Snowsubscribedtothesecondtheory.Itwascorrect,buthestillneededproof.Consequently,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitLondonin1854,Snowbegantoinvestigate.Hediscoveredthatintwoparticularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethat第75页共75页,morethan500peoplediedintendays.Hewasdeterminedtofindoutwhy关于霍乱的蔓延方式,当时医生大体上有两种截然不同的看法。一种看法是空气污染引发,另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。斯诺赞同第二种看法。这一看法是正确的,但他仍需要证据。因此,1854年伦敦暴发霍乱时,斯诺便开始调查。他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重,十天内就有500多人死亡。他决心查明原因。Snowbeganbymarkingonamaptheexactplaceswhereallthosewhodiedhadlived.ThereweremultipledeathsnearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet(especiallyhousenumbers16,37,38,and40).However,somehouseholds(suchas20and21BroadStreet,and8and9CambridgeStreet)hadhadnodeaths.Thesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.Theyhadbeengivenfreebeer,andsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.Snowsuspectedthatthewaterpumpwastoblame.Whatismore,inanotherpartofLondon,awomanandherdaughterhaddiedofcholeraaftermovingawayfromBroadStreet.Itseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.Asaresultofthisevidence,JohnSnowwasabletoannouncethatthepumpwatercarriedcholeragerms.Accordingly,hehadthehandleofthepumpremovedsothatitcouldnotbeused.Throughthisintervention,thediseasewasstoppedinitstracks斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。宽街水泵附近有多例死亡(尤其是16号、37号、38号及40号住宅),但是有些住户(如宽街20号和21号以及剑桥街8号和9号)却无人死亡。这些幸存者在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作,酒吧为他们提供免费啤酒,因此没有喝水泵抽上来的水。斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。此外,在伦敦的另一个区域,一名妇女和她的女儿从宽街搬来后死于霍乱。该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水,每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。有了这个证据,约翰·斯诺就能够宣布水泵抽上来的水携带霍乱病菌。于是,他让人拆掉了水泵的把手,这样水泵就用不成了。这一干预举措遏制了疾病的蔓延。ThetruthwasthatthewaterfromtheBroadStreetpumphadbeeninfectedbywaste.Moreover,SnowwaslaterabletoshowalinkbetweenothercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwatercompaniesinLondon.SomecompaniessoldwaterfromtheRiverThamesthatwaspollutedbyrawwaste.Thepeoplewhodrankthiswaterweremuchmorelikelytogetcholerathanthosewhodrankpureorboiledwater第75页共75页,事情的真相是宽街水泵抽上来的水被废弃物污染了。此外,斯诺之后还证明了另外几起霍乱病例与伦敦多家饮用水公司有关。有些公司出售的水取自被未处理的废弃物污染的泰晤士河。与饮用纯浄水或开水的人相比,饮用被污染的水的人更容易染上霍乱。ThroughSnow’stirelessefforts,watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwaterandthethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecrease。However,choleraisstillaproblem.Eachyear,millionsofpeoplearoundtheworldgetcholeraandmanydiefromit.Fortunately,wenowknowhowtopreventcholera,thankstotheworkofJohnSnow.Moreover,inhisuseofmapsandstatistics,Snowtransformedthewayscientistsstudydiseases.Forthisreason,Snowisconsideredthefatherofmodernepidemiology经过斯诺的不懈努力,饮用水公司开始出售洁净水,世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。然而,霍乱仍是问题。每年全球有数百万人感染霍乱,其中许多人因此丧生。幸运的是,由于约翰・斯诺的努力,我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。此外,通过使用地图和数据,斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。因此,斯诺被誉为现代流行病学之父。UsingLanguageTHEFATHEROFCHINA’SAEROSPACE中国航天之父PerhapsnootherscientisthashadagreaterimpactonChina’saerospacesciencethanQianXuesen.DescribedbytheauthorsoftheStoryofQianXuesenasamanwith"greatscientificthoughtandscientificspirit"whowaspatrioticandservedhishomelandwitheffort,achievement,anddevotion,Qianwasanextremelywell-respectedman.也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。钱学森备受人们的尊敬,《钱学森的故事》一书的作者称他是一位具有“伟大科学思想和科学精神”的人,并且热爱祖国、勤勉努力、甘于奉献成就斐然。BorninHangzhouin1911,QianattendedschoolsinBeijingandthenenteredShanghaiJiaoTongUniversitytostudyRailwayMechanicalEngineering.However,aftertheSonghuBattle第75页共75页,brokeoutin1932,QianmadethedecisiontoswitchhismajortoaviationbecauseherealisedthatChinaneededitsownpowerfulairforcetoprotectanddefendthecountry.钱学森1911年生于杭州,在北京上学,后来考入上海交通大学,学习铁道机械工程。不过,1932年淞沪会战爆发后,钱学森意识到中国需要建设强大的空军来保卫国家,因此决定改学航空专业。QianwenttotheUnitedStatesin1935topursuehisgraduatestudies.Overthecourseofthe1930sand1940s,QianbecameapioneerinAmericanjetandrockettechnology.AsagraduateassistantattheCaliforniainstituteofTechnologyduringthe1930s,Qianhelpedconductimportantresearchintorocketpropulsion,andinthe1940s,heandseveralotherpeoplefoundedtheJetPropulsionLaboratory,nowoneofNASA'Sleadingspace-explorationcentres.1935年,钱学森前往美国读研究生。二十世纪三四十年代,钱学森成为美国喷气式飞机和火箭技术的先驱人物。二十世纪三十年代担任加州理工学院的研究生助理时,钱学森协助开展火箭推进方面的重要研究工作。二十世纪四十年代,钱学森与其他几人成立了喷气推进实验室,该实验室现已成为美国宇航局领先的太空探素中心之一AfterovercomingsomedifficultiesduringhisfinalfewyearsintheUSQianreturnedtoChinain1955.Hereceivedahero’swelcomefromhishomelandandwasputinchargeofnotonlydevelopingChina’srocketsciencebutalsoitsspaceandmissileprogramme.Atthattime,Chinawaspooranditsrocketsciencewasundeveloped.NoinstituteoruniversityinChinaofferedrocketscienceasamajor,andtherewerenotalentsorexpertsinthisfieldinChina.Nevertheless,Qiandidnotletthatdiscouragehimfromtakingonthechallenge.Whenasked"CanweChinesepossiblymakemissiles?”hisreplywasadetermined"Whynot?WeChineseareabletomakethesamethingsthatotherpeoplemake.”留学美国的最后几年,钱学森克服困难,于1955年回到中国。他受到了祖国英雄般的欢迎,受命发展中国的火箭科学以及航天和导弹项目。那时候,中国还很贫穷,火箭科学尚不发达。中国没有一所学院或大学开设火箭科学专业,而且没有该领域的人才或专家。然而,钱学森并不气馁,而是接受挑战。有人问他:“我们中国人有可能制造出导弹吗?他的回答十分坚定:“有什么不能的,外国人能造出来的,我们中国人同样能造得出来。”第75页共75页,UnderQiansleadership,ChinadevelopedtheDongfengmissiles,followedbythefirstgenerationofLongMarchrockets.In1970,Chinasuccessfullauncheditsfirstman-madesatellite,DongFangHongI,fromaLongMarchrocket.BecausemuchofthetechnologybehindtheShenzhourocketscanalsobetracedbacktoQian'sresearch,Qianearnedthenameof"thefatherofChinasaerospace.”在钱学森的领导下,中国研制出了“东风”导弹,紧接着又研制出第一代“长征”系列火箭。1970年,中国使用“长征”火箭成功发射本国第一颗人造卫星“东方红一号”。由于“神舟”系列火箭的大部分技术也可追根溯源到钱学森的研究,因此钱学森被誉为“中国航天之父Qianreadalotandwasextremelyknowledgeable,especiallyintheareaoffrontierscienceresearch.However,whatmighthavemadehimsuchanoutstandingandcreativescientistwasprobablyhisstronginterestinotherthings,suchasmusicanddrawing.Hisdeepappreciationforartoftengavehiminspirationinhisscientificresearch.钱学森博览群书,尤其在前沿科学研究领域知识极其渊博。然而,他之所以能成为一名如此杰出、富有创造力的科学家,可能是因为他对音乐绘画等其他事物的浓厚兴趣。他深厚的艺术鉴赏力时常给科研工作带来灵感。On31October2009,thewholecountrywassaddenedbyQiansdeath,andpeoplehonouredandrememberedhimindifferentways.2009年10月31日,钱学森逝世,举国哀痛,人们以各种方式纪念他缅怀他。AWORLDOFPURETHOUGHT一个纯思维的世界StephenHawkingwasoneofthemostfamousandgiftedscientistsinphysics.Mostpeoplearefamiliarwithimagesofhiminhiswheelchairunabletomoveandusingacomputertotalk.Sincehecamedownwithadiseasewhichcausedhimtolosetheuseofmostofhismuscleshisworldbecameoneofabstractthought.史蒂芬・第75页共75页,霍金是物理学界最负盛名、最具天赋的科学家之一。大多数人都很熟悉他坐在轮椅上无法动弹、只能通过电脑来说话的样子。他因患病致使其大部分肌肉萎缩无力,他的世界变成了一个抽象思维的世界Hawkingfirstachievedfamewhenhewasstillhealthyenoughtowalk,asagraduatestudentinphysicsatCambridgeUniversityin1964.Ingeneralthereweretwomaintheoriesontheoriginoftheuniverse.Thefirstwasthesteadystatetheory,whichholdsthattheuniversehasnobeginningorend.Theotherwasthebigbangtheory,whichholdsthattheuniversebeganatasinglepointintimeandspace.ThebiggestchampionofthesteadystateconceptwasFredHoyle,aprofessoratCambridge.DuringthequestionandanswerperiodafteroneofHoyle’slectures,HawkingstoodupandpointedoutthatHoylehadmadeamistakeinhismaths.Oncethemathswascorrected,itshowedthatthebigbangtheory—andnotthesteadystatetheory—wastrue.Hawking’sownworkonthebigbangtheorywassoonprovenbyastronomerswithtelescopes.Astarwasborn。霍金最早成名于1964年,当时他身体健康,行动自如,是剑桥大学物理学研究生。总的来说,宇宙起源有两大理论:第一个是稳恒态理论,认为宇宙无始无终;另一个是大爆炸理论,认为宇宙始于时空中的一个点。稳恒态概念的最大拥护者是剑桥大学的弗雷德・霍伊尔教授。在霍伊尔的一次讲座中,霍金在问答环节站了起来,指出霍伊尔教授计算有误。错误纠正之后显示大爆炸理论而非稳恒态理论是正确的。不久,天文学家用望远镜观察宇宙,验证了霍金对大爆炸理论的研究。一位明星就此诞生。So,whatmadeStephenHawkingagenius?Besidesbeingbrilliant,hewasbrave,thoughsometimescarelessinwhathesaidordid.Hewaswillingtosaywhatotherswereafraidtosay,andtodreamofwhatotherswereafraidtodreamabout.Furthermore,hewasquitedetermined.Thishadhelpedhimasascientist,andhadhelpedhimevenmoreinhisfightagainsthisdisease.Aboveall,Hawkingwaswillingtoadmithisfaults.Thisoddcombinationofcharacteristicshadmadehimoneofthegreatestthinkersofthe20thand21stcenturies.那么,是什么使史蒂芬・霍金成为一名天オ呢?除了才华横溢之外,他还是一个勇敢的人,尽管有时候言行举止比较随意。他敢说别人不敢说的话,做别人不敢做的梦。此外,他意志坚定。无论是作为一位科学家,还是与病魔作斗争,这种品质对他都大有帮助,最重要的是,霍金敢于承认错误。这些性格特点的奇特组合使得他成为二十世纪与二十一世纪最伟大的思想家之一。第75页共75页,ReadingandWriting(Workbook)1Readthepassageandchoosethecorrectanswertocompletethestatement.AlANDHUMANBEINGSIsitpossibletomakemachinesthinklikehumans?ThisisonequestioninresearchinthefieldofArtificialIntelligence,or"AI”.Tothinklikeahuman,itinvolvesfeelings,morality,hopes,anddreams,Humansarecapableofmakingdecisionsbythemselveswithoutinputfromothers,andtheycanlearnfromexperience.有没有可能让机器像人类一样思考?这是人工智能,即"AI"领域研究中的一个问题。要像人类一样思考,就涉及到感情、道德、希望和梦想,人类能够在不需要他人输入的情况下自己做出决定,并且可以从经验中学习到知识.Inaddition,humansareabletocreatethingsfromtheirowninspirationfortheirownpleasure.Thequestioniswhethermachinescaneverreallythinkinalltheseaspects.此外,人类还能根据自己的灵感创造出自己喜欢的东西。问题是,机器是否真的能在所有这些方面进行思考。Theideaofacomputerthatisall-powerfulandcanthinkandmakedecisionsforitselfterrifiesmanypeople.Insomefilms,Alevendecidesthatallhumansmustbekilled.ManypeoplearealsoconcernedthatAIwillbeusedtoreplacehumans.一台全能的电脑,可以自己思考和做决定,这个想法让很多人感到恐惧。在一些电影中,Al甚至决定必须杀死所有的人类。很多人还担心人工智能会被用来取代人类。YetothersarecomfortedbythethoughtofAl,MaybewithAl,robotscanbemadetoreplacelovedoneswhohavedied.Today,thecreationofanall-powerfulcomputercapableofhumanthoughtisstillinprogress.Wehavecompanionrobots,anditislikelythattheywillgrowmoreimportantinourlivesastimegoesby.However,theneedforsuchrobotsdoesnotseemtobeascriticalasourheadforintelligentmachinesthatcansolveproblemsbylearningfromtheirobservationsandexperience.第75页共75页,然而也有人因为想到了Al而感到欣慰,也许有了Al,就可以让机器人来代替死去的亲人。如今,能够实现人类思维的全能计算机的创造还在进行中。我们已经有了陪伴机器人,而且随着时间的推移,它们在我们生活中的重要性可能会越来越大。然而,对于这种机器人的需求似乎并不像我们的脑袋那样关键,我们需要的是能够通过观察和经验的学习来解决问题的智能机器。Forexample,AlisalreadybeingusedwithgreatsuccessinInternetsearchenginesandasapersonalassistantinoursmartphones.Itlearnsfromourhabitstohelpusfindwhatwewantandlike.Alisalsousedtodiagnoseproblemsandsuggestsolutions.ResearchersarealsoexperimentingwiththeuseofAlindriverlesscarswhichcansensetheirsurroundingsanddecideonthebestwaytoreachadestination.Itisalsobeingusedineducation,particularlyinonlinecourses.Furthermore,industriesthatuserobotsforrepetitiveordangerousworkoftenturntoAltomanagetheseelectronicworkers.Inaddition,virtualassistantsarealsobeingusedinsomehomestoday.Inthenearfuture,itislikelythatAlwillbeusedtomanagesmarthomesandhandleanevengreatervarietyoftaskssuchassettingoutfavouriteclothesandhelpinguswithourpersonalgrooming.例如,Al已经在互联网搜索引擎和我们智能手机的个人助理中得到了非常成功的应用。它可以从我们的习惯中学习,帮助我们找到我们想要和喜欢的东西。Al还被用来诊断问题并提出解决方案。研究人员还在尝试将Al用于无人驾驶汽车,它可以感知周围环境并决定到达目的地的最佳方式。它还被用于教育,特别是在线课程。此外,那些使用机器人进行重复性或危险性工作的行业往往会求助于Al来管理这些电子工人。此外,如今一些家庭也在使用虚拟助理。在不久的将来,Al很有可能被用来管理智能家居,并处理更多种类的任务,比如摆放喜欢的衣服,帮助我们进行个人修饰。TheAloftodayhasalreadyprovenitssuperioritytohumansinmanyareas.Doyouthinkthatwecancreatearobotthatthinkslikeahumanoronethatisevenmoreintelligent?Ifso,istheretrulyadifferencebetweenAIandahuman?如今的Al已经在很多方面证明了它对人类的优越性。你认为我们可以创造出一个像人类一样思考的机器人,或者是一个更加智能的机器人吗?如果可以,人工智能和人类真的有区别吗?第75页共75页,Unit2.BRIDGINGCULTUREIamnotthesame,havingseenthemoonshineontheothersideoftheworld.----MaryAnneRadmacher在世界的另一端看过月光闪耀,我就不会是同样的自己了。ReadingandThinkingWELCOME,XIELEIBUSINESSSTUDENTBUILDINGBRIDGES“欢迎你,谢蕾!”商科学生搭建文化交流的桥梁Sixmonthsago,19-year-oldXieLeisaidgoodbyetoherfamilyandfriendsandboardedaplaneforLondon.ItwasthefirsttimethatshehadleftChina.“Iwasveryexcitedbutalsoquitenervous.Ididn’tknowwhattoexpect,”XieLeirecalled.半年前,19岁的谢蕾告别家人和朋友,登上了飞往伦敦的班机。这是她第一次离开中国。“我很激动,也很紧张,不知道会发生什么。”谢蕾回忆道。XieLeiisstudyingforabusinessqualificationatauniversityinChinaandhascometoouruniversityonayear-longexchangeprogramme."IchosetheexchangeprogrammebecauseIwantedtolearnaboutglobalbusinessandimprovemyEnglish.MyambitionistosetupabusinessinChinaaftergraduation,"sheexplained.谢蕾在中国一所大学攻读商科,来我校参加为期一年的交流项目。“之所以选择这个交流项目,是因为我想了解全球商务,并提高我的英语水平。我的志向是毕业后在中国创办一家企业。”她解释道。Atfirst,XieLeihadtoadapttolifeinadifferentcountry.“Youhavetogetusedtoawholenewlife.”shesaid.IhadtoearnhowtousepublictransportandhowtoaskforthingsIdidn’tknow第75页共75页,theEnglishnamesfor.WhenIgotlost,Ihadtoaskpassers-byforhelp,butpeopleherespeakfastandusewordsI’mnotfamiliarwith.Iaskthemtorepeatthemselvesalot!”起初,谢蕾不得不去适应异国他乡的生活。“你必须习惯种全新的生活。”她说,“我得学会使用公共交通,学会要到我不知道英文名称的东西。迷路时,我得向路人求助但是这里的人讲话语速很快,而且使用的是我不熟悉的单词。我老是让他们重复!”Althoughsomeforeignstudentsliveincampusaccommodation,XieLeichosetolivewithahostfamily,whocanhelpwithheradaptationtothenewculture.WhenImisshome,Ifeelcomfortedtohaveasecondfamily,XieLeisaid“Whenthere’ssomethingIdon’tknoworunderstandIcanaskthem.TheyarealsokeentolearnaboutChina.Laura,thedaughterofmyhostfamily,wantstostudyinChinainthefuture.Wetaketurnstocookeachevening.Theyreallylovemystir-friedtomatoesandeggs!Laurasaysshealwaysfeelshungrywhenshesmellsit,soItaughtherhowtocookit,too.虽然一些留学生住在学校里,但是谢蕾选择住在寄宿家庭有助于她适应异国文化。“有第二个家,想家时我会得到些安慰。”谢蕾说。“当我有不知道或不理解的事情时,我可以咨询他们。他们对中国也很感兴趣,我房东的女儿劳拉将来想到中国求学。我们每晚轮流做饭,他们真的很爱吃我做的番茄炒蛋!劳拉说,每次闻到香味,她就感到饥肠辘辘,于是我教她做这道菜。AnotherchallengeforXieLeiistheacademicrequirements.Thefirsttimethatshehadtowriteanessay,hertutorexplainedthatshemustacknowledgewhatotherpeoplehadsaidifshecitedtheirideas,butthathemainlywantedtoknowwhatshethought!XieLeiwasconfusedbecauseshethoughtsheknewlessthanotherpeople.Hertutoradvisedhertoreadlotsofinformationinordertoformawiseopinionofherown谢蕾面临的另一个挑战是学业要求。她第一次写论文时,导师跟她解释说,如果引用别人的观点就一定要注明,不过他主要还是想了解她本人的观点!谢蕾困惑不解,因为她觉得自己懂得没有别人多。她的导师建议她广泛阅读文献,形成自己睿智的观点。XieLeialsofoundmanycoursesincludedstudents’participationinclassaspartofthefinalresult.Studentsneedtogenerateideas,offerexamples,applyconcepts,andraisequestions,aswell第75页共75页,asgivepresentations.Atfirst,XieLeihadnoideawhatsheshouldsay,butwhatsurprisedherwasthatshefoundherselfspeakingupinclassafterjustafewweeks.“MypresentationontraditionalChineseartwasagreatsuccess,whichboostedmyconfidence,”shesaid.“I’llusetheseskillsbackhomeforpresentations.They'llhelpmebuildastrongbusinessinthefuture.”此外,谢蕾发现很多课程的最终成绩都包含学生的课堂参与。学生需要形成观点、提供例子、运用概念、提出问题并且还要进行展示。刚开始的时候,谢蕾不知道该说些什么。但令她惊喜的是,仅仅几周时间,她就能在课堂上大胆发言了。“我的中国传统艺术展示非常成功,提升了我的自信心。”她说,“回国后,我会将这些技能运用到展示中,帮助我未来打造一家强大的企业。”Nowhalfwaythroughherexchangeyear,XieLeifeelsmuchmoreathomeintheUK.Whatseemedstrangebeforenowappearsquitenormaltoher."EngaginginBritishculturehashelped,shesaid."Aswellasstudyinghard,I'vebeeninvolvedinsocialactivities.Britishpeoplearefascinatedbyourcultureandeagertolearnmoreaboutit,soI’mkeentosharemyculturewiththem.WhileI‘mlearningaboutbusinessI'malsoactingasaculturalmessengerbuildingabridgebetweenus。年的交换生生涯现已过半,谢蕾感觉在英国过得轻松自如多了。以前看似奇怪的事情现在对她来说显得十分平常。融入英国文化使我受益匪浅。”她说,“努力学习之余我还参加了一些社交活动。英国人对我们的文化十分着迷渴望了解更多中国文化,因此我也乐于同他们分享。攻读商科的同时,我也扮演着文化使者的角色,在中外文化之间架起一座桥梁。WewillfollowXieLei’sprogressinlatereditions,butfornowwewishherallthebest.我们会在随后的几期中跟踪报道谢蕾的进展情况,但现在我们祝她一切顺利UsingLanguageSTUDYINGABROADISITAGOODORABADIDEA?留学:好主意,还是坏主意?第75页共75页,DearEditor尊敬的编辑:Inthepastfewdecades,therehasbeenadramaticincreaseinthenumberofpeoplestudyingabroad.Althoughstudyingabroadcanbringgreatbenefits,Ithinkthedisadvantagesforyoungpeoplearegreater.过去几十年里,留学人数急剧增长。尽管留学大有裨益但我认为,留学对年轻人来说是弊大于利Tobeginwith,manystudentswhostudyabroadfacegreateconomicpressure.Thatmeansstudyingabroadisjustnotpossibleforeveryone.Tuitionfeesandlivingexpensesaremuchmoreexpensivethanathomeandcouldendupcostingmostfamiliesanarmandaleg.StudyinginChinaismuchmoreconvenientandcanhelpsavemoney首先,许多留学生面临着巨大的经济压力,这意味着并非每个人都有留学的可能。国外的学费和生活开销比国内昂贵得多,大部分家庭最终可能要花费一大笔钱。而在中国读书则更加方便,还能省钱。Anotherimportantfactortoconsideristhetremendouspressurethatcomeswithstudyingabroad.Studentsmustlearnhowtoliveinanunfamiliarenvironmentwithlimitedlanguageskills.Somemaystruggleandsufferfromcultureshockwhenlearninghowtobehaveinnewsurroundings.Otherstudentsarenotmatureenoughtohandlethechallengesbythemselvesandmaybecomedepressed.Somestudentsmightevenencounterproblemswithpersonalsafety.Inaddition,differentapproachestoteachingandlearningmaycomeasashocktomanystudents需要考虑的另一个重要因素是留学所带来的巨大压力。学生必须学会靠有限的语言技能在一个陌生的环境中生活在学习如何在新环境中举止得体时,有些学生可能会感到吃力,并承受文化冲击的折磨,另一些学生则还不够成熟,无法独立应付各种挑战,因而感到苦闷。有些学生甚至会遭遇人身安全问题。此外,不同的教和学的方式对很多学生来说也是一种冲击。Afinalpointtoconsideristhatwhilestudyingabroaddoeshavepotentialbenefits,youngpeoplewhostudyinChinaalsohaveagreatfuturetolookforwardto!AsChinahasboomedthe第75页共75页,educationalenvironmenthasimprovedsignificantly,withmanygreatuniversitiesnowavailable.Theyhavegreatfacilitiesandoutstandingprofessors,helpingtoeducateyoungpeoplewhowillcontributetotheeconomyandfurtherstrengthenourcountry.最后要考虑的一点是:尽管留学有诸多潜在的益处,但是在中国读书的年轻人同样未来可期!随着中国的蓬勃发展,教育环境己大为改观,优质大学比比皆是。这些高校拥有一流的设施和杰出的教授,助力培养为经济作贡献、进步增强我国实力的年轻人。Tosumup,onecannotdenythefactthatstudyingabroadhasitsdisadvantages,sowhenyouthinkaboutstudyingabroadyoushouldconsiderthesemanyfactors综上所述,我们无法否认的事实是:留学有其弊端。因此当你想要海外求学时,应当考虑上述诸多因素。Kindregard谨致问候!WangLi(otheroftwingirls)王丽(一对双胞胎女孩的母亲)☆★☆★☆DearEditor尊敬的编辑Isstudyingabroadagoodideaornot?Therearecertainlydisadvantages,butinmyopinion,theadvantagesaremuchgreater.AsIalwaystellmyson,therearenogreatdifficultiesorapersonwhoisbrave,optimistic,andwillingtoworkhard!留学是个好主意还是坏主意呢?留学当然有其弊端,但我认为利大于弊。我时常告诚我儿子,对勇敢、乐观、愿意拼搏的人来说,世上无难事!Thefirstadvantageofstudyingabroadispersonalgrowth.Theeducationyougainandtheexperiencesyouhavewillchangeyouforthebetter.Forexample,youwillcertainlybecomemoreindependentbecauseyouwillhavetodealwithallkindsofdifficultiesbyyourself.Studyingabroadalsohelpsyoutogainaglobalperspectiveandimproveyourgeneralcompetence第75页共75页,留学的第一个好处就是个人成长。你获得的教育和拥有的经历将有助于你提升自我。例如,由于你需要独自应对各种困难,你一定会变得更加独立。留学还有助于你获得全球视野,提升综合能力。Anotheradvantageistheincreasedchanceforculturalexchange.Chinesestudentscanbeseenasculturalenvoypromotingfriendshipbetweennations.InternationalstudentsinChinaalsobringtheircolourfulcultureshere.Cooperatingwithpeoplefromdiverseculturalbackgroundshelpsusviewtheworldfromdifferentanglesandthusgivesusmoreinsightintoourownculture.留学的另一个好处是获得更多文化交流的机会。中国留学生可被视为增进国际友谊的文化使者。在华的外国留学生也带来他们丰富多彩的文化。与来自不同文化背景的人合作有助于我们从不同视角看待世界,进而让我们对自己的文化有更深入的了解。Finally,studyingabroadprovidesagreatopportunitytocontributetothedevelopmentofourmotherland.China’sglobaloutlook,withprojectssuchastheBeltandRoadInitiative,hashelpedusmakeconnectionsacrosstheworld.Therefore,Chinaneedsmoretalentedyoungpeoplewithaglobalperspectivewhoarehighlycompetentwithlanguageshaveleadershipandorganisationalskills,andhavestrongculturalawareness.Studentswhostudyabroadwilldevelopsuchskillsandabilities,andtheseinturnwillprovidethemwithbettercareeropportunities最后,留学是为祖国的发展作出贡献的好机会。中国“带一路”倡议等项目的全球前景帮助我们与世界建立联系。因此,中国需要更多有オ能、有国际视野、语言能力极强具有领导力和组织能力、拥有强烈文化意识的年轻人。海外求学的学生能够培养这类技能,而这些技能反过来又将为他们带来更好的就业机会。Allinall,studyingabroadhelpstobuildcharacterandincreasepeople’sunderstandingofculturaldiversitywhilestrengtheningChinaandbuildingasharedfutureforall.Ithinkthislife-changingexperienceiscertainlyworthwhileandIhopemychildwillstudyabroadinthefuture.总而言之,出国留学有助于塑造人格,增加人们对文化多样性的了解,同时增强中国的实力,为大家打造一个共同的未来。我觉得这段改变人生的经历肯定是值得的,我希望孩子将来能出国留学。Sincerelyyours此致第75页共75页,敬礼ZhangYi(atherofoneboy)张毅(一个男孩的父亲)ReadingandWriting(Workbook)Hithere,AuntJoan你好,琼姨Howareyou?MumsaidyouaskedhowIwasdong,soletmetellyouaboutmylifehere.你还好吗?妈妈说你问我怎么样,所以让我告诉你我在这里的生活。Asyouknow,I’vebeeninChinaforaroundamonthnow.IwanttostudyinalocaluniversitywhichiswhyItookthoseafter-schoolChineseclasses.IdecidedonChinabecauseit'safast-developingcountrywithtradelinksallovertheword.Studyingherecouldbeusefulinfindingagoodjobintradeorbusiness.What'smore,ChineseCultureisreallyinteresting,sochoosingtocomeherewasano-brainerforme!你也知道,我来到中国已经一个月了。我想在当地的大学里学习所以我参加了课后中文课。我之所以选择中国,是因为中国是一个快速发展的国家,贸易联系遍布全球。在这里学习可以在贸易或商业领域找到一份好工作。而且,中国文化真的很有趣,所以选择来这里对我来说是个不二之选。Havingsaidthat,Chinaisn’tlikeIthoughtitmightbe.Ithoughtitwouldbequiteoldandtraditionalbutinmanyways,thecitesarejustasmodemasbackhomeinVancouver,onlywithlotsmorepeople!There’ssomuchmorefoodtotrytoo,andit’salldelicious!EverywhereIgo,Iseerestaurantsandsnackstalls—itseemstobeabigpartoftheirculture.Foodhereisveryreasonablypricedsoit’sgreatformybudget.ThepeopleImeetareallverywelcomingtowardsmeasaforeigner,andIevenseemtobeapointofinterest!However,hardlyanyonespeaksEnglishinmyarea,soitcanbeabitoverwhelmingattimes.ButIguessthat’swhyI’mhere-tolearn.第75页共75页,不过,中国并不像我想象的那样。我以为这里会很古老、很传统,但在很多方面,这里的城市和温哥华的家乡一样,只是人更多而已。还有更多的食物可以尝试,而且都很好吃。无论我走到哪里,我都能看到餐馆和小吃摊--这似乎是他们文化的重要组成部分。这里的食物价格非常合理,所以很适合我的预算。我遇到的人都非常欢迎我这个外国人,我甚至似乎成了他们的兴趣点!然而,在这里几乎没有人会说英语。然而,在我所在的地区,几乎没有人会说英语,所以有时会有点不知所措。但我想这就是我在这里的原因--学习。Rightnow,I’mstudyingeverydayformHSKexam(aChineselanguagequalification.ButIalsogetachancetoexplorethecity.IusuallygetupextraearlyeachmorningtoenjoyafreshlymadebreakfastonthestreetandthenIoftenvisitapark,I’mnotsureifyouknowbutI’mreallyinterestedintaichi,soIspendalotoftimeinthecityparkspractisingwiththelocals.There’salotoftraditionalculturestillaliveinChina.Theparkarefullofpeopleplayingtraditionalinstruments,playingChinesechess,andevenwritingcalligraphyonthegroundwithgiantpaintbrush.现在,我每天都在为HSK考试(一种中文资格考试)而学习。但我也有机会去探索这个城市。我通常每天早上都会起得特别早,在街上享受新鲜的早餐,然后我经常去公园,我不知道你是否知道,但我对太极拳非常感兴趣,所以我花了很多时间在城市公园里和当地人一起练习。中国有很多传统文化还在延续。公园里有很多人在演奏传统乐器,下中国象棋,甚至用巨大的画笔在地上写书法。Unit3.FOODANDCULTUREFoodbringspeopletogetheronmanydifferentlevels.It’snourishmentofthesoulandbody;it’strulylove.----GiadaDeLaurentiis食物在许多不同的层面上把人们聚集在一起,它是心灵和身体的养料,是真正的爱。——吉娅达•德•劳伦蒂斯ReadingandThinkingCULTUREANDCUISINETheFrenchauthorJeanAnthelmeBrillat-Savarinoncewrote,“Tellmewhatyoueat,andIwilltellyouwhatyouare.”Putmoresimply,thismeans“Youarewhatyoueat.”Mostpeopletodayrelatethissayingtohealthyeating.However,Brillat-savarinwasactuallyreferringtoourpersonality,character,andculture.第75页共75页,法国作家让・安泰尔姆・布里亚-萨瓦兰曾写道:“告诉我你平时吃什么,我就可以说出你是个什么样的人。”简单地说,这句话就是“人如其食”的意思。如今,大多数人把这条谚语与健康饮食联系起来“然而,布里亚-萨瓦兰实际上指的是我们的个性、品格及文化。Certainly,inmanywaysthisseemstobetrue.Chinesecuisineisacaseinpoint.PriortocomingtoChina,myonlyexperiencewithChinesecookingwasinAmerica,withChinesefoodthathadbeenchangedtosuitAmericantastes.Forexample,America'smostpopularChinesedishisGeneralTso'schicken,whichconsistsoffriedchickencoveredinasweetsauce,favouredwithhotredpeppers.ThisisprobablynotanauthenticChineserecipe,however,soitcannottellusmuchabouttheChinese.Ontheotherhand,itdoestellusalotaboutAmericans.Ittellsus,forexample,thatAmericanslovebold,simplefavours.Andsincethedishwasalsoinventedrecently,ittellsusthatAmericansarenotafraidtotrynewfoods.当然,从很多方面来看,此话不假。中国菜就是个很好的例子。来中国之前,我只在美国接触过中式烹任,那里的中国食物已被改变,以适应美国人的口味。例如,在美国最受欢迎的中国菜是“左宗棠鸡”,它在油炸的鸡肉上淋上甜酱,再佐以煸炒过的红辣椒制成。然而,这或许并不是地道的中餐做法,因此并不能让我们对中国人了解多少。不过在另一方面,它确实让我们对美国人了解很多。例如,这道菜说明美国人喜爱浓烈、简单的口味。此外,由于这道菜也是新发明,说明美国人不惧怕尝试新的菜品。Later,IhadachancetoexperienceauthenticChinesefoodbycomingtoChina.WhenmyfamilyandIhadjustarrivedinChina,wewentlookingforagoodplacetoeatinBeijing.ASichuanrestauranthadbeenrecommendedtousbyafriend,andfinally,wefoundit.Tired,hungry,andnotknowingawordofChinese,wehadnoideahowtoorder,sothechefjustbeganfillingourtablewiththebestfoodwehadevereaten.Withthis,wehadthepleasureofexperiencinganentirelynewtaste:Sichuanpeppercorns.Thefoodwaswonderfulanddifferent,butwhatwasevenmoreimportantwasthefriendshipofferedus.第75页共75页,后来,我来到中国,有机会品尝地道的中国食物。我与家人刚刚抵达中国,便在北京找一个好地方吃饭。一位朋友之前向我们推荐过一家川菜馆,最终我们找到了这家餐馆。我们疲惫不堪,饥肠辘辘,也不认识一个汉字,不知道该怎么点餐,所以厨师径自在我们的桌子上摆满食物;那是我们吃过的最可口的佳肴。于是,我们高高兴兴地体验了种全新的口味:四川花椒。食物妙不可言、与众不同,但更为重要的是我们所获得的友谊。WesoonmovedtoShandongProvinceintheeasternpartofNorthChina.Myfavouritedishtherewasboileddumplingsservedwithvinegar.Iobservedthatfamilyisimportanttothepeoplethere.IthasbecomeafavouritetraditionaldishofthepeopleinNorthChina,wheremakingdumplingshasalwaysbeenafamilyaffairwitheveryone—fromtheyoungesttotheoldest—joiningintohelp.Later,IlearntthatthemostfamousfoodinShandongispancakerollsstuffedwithslicedChinesegreenonions.不久,我们到了位于华北东部的山东省。在那里我最喜爱的食物是蘸着醋吃的水饺。我发现那里的人都很重视家庭水饺已成为华北人民最喜爱的一种传统食物:包饺子一直是一项全员参与的家庭活动,无论老少都会加入进来帮忙。后来,我了解到,最有名的山东食物是煎饼卷大葱ThenwemovedtonorthernXinjiang.SomeofourfriendswereKazakandInnerMongolian.Thesegroupstraditionallywanderedtheopenrangeonhorses.Asaresult,theirtraditionalfoodsarewhatyoucancookoveranopenfire—usuallyboiledorroastedmeat,suchaslambkebab.随后,我们又到了新疆北部。我们的一些朋友是哈萨克族人和内蒙古人。传统上,他们骑着马在广阔的草原上漫步因此,他们的传统食物在篝火上烹制而成,通常是水煮肉或烤肉,例如羊肉串OurtravelsthentookustoSouthChina,andthenontocentralChina.Ineachplacewewent,weexperiencedwonderfullocaldishes,fromGuangdong'selegantdimsum—smallservingsoffoodinbamboosteamers—totheexceptionalstewednoodlesInHenan.Everywhere,thefoodwasasvariedasthepeople.However,onethingisalwaystrue:Throughfood,Chinesepeopleeverywhereshowfriendshipandkindness.接着,我们前往华南,之后又去了华中。我们每到一处,都会品尝当地美食,有广东的精致点心一一那是放在竹蒸笼里笼出来的小份食品,还有河南独特的烩面。所到之处的美食与当地人一样精彩纷呈。然而,有一件事始终不变:每个地方的中国人都通过食物展现友情与善意。第75页共75页,Ataminimum,thekindsoffoodlocalpeopleconsumetelluswhattheygrowintheirregion,whatkindsoflivestheylead,andwhattheylikeanddonotlike.Couldwealsosay,forexample,thatthosewholikeboldflavoursareboldthemselves?Or,thatthosewholikespicyfoodtendtohaveahottemper?Maybe.Maybenot.Whatwecansay,however,isthatcultureandcuisinegohandinhand,andifyoudonotexperienceone,youcanneverreallyknowtheother.当地人的食物种类至少能让我们知道该地区种植什么作物、人们过着怎样的生活以及他们的爱憎。例如,我们是否也能这样推断,喜欢重口味的人性格粗犷?抑或喜欢辛辣食物的人往往牌气火暴也许是的,也许又不是。但是,我们可以确定的是,文化和美食这两者息息相关,如果你没有体验过其中的一个,你就永远无法真正了解另一个。UsingLanguageHEALTHYEATINGThereismuchdebatenowadaysastowhatmakesupahealthydiet.Forexample,scientistshaveinsistedforyearsthatabigenemyofhealthisfattyfood.However,thereisincreasingevidencethattherealdriverofpoorhealthisnotsomuchfattyfood,asitissugar.HeartdiseaseisthenumberonekillerofAmericans.AndinAmerica,peoplewhoreceive25%ooftheirdailycaloriesormorethroughsugararetwiceaslikelytodiefromheartdiseasethanpeoplewhoreceivelessthan10%aday(JournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation,2014).Thisistrueregardlessofhowhealthytherestoftheirdietmightbe.Putmoresimply,whilepeoplecontinuetoargueoverwhetherornotfattyfoodisdangerous,wealreadyknowthatsugarisakiller.当下,何为健康饮食仍众说纷纭。例如,多年来科学家一直认为健康的大敌是高脂肪食物。然而,越来越多的证据表明,导致不良健康的真正因素并非高脂肪食物,而是糖分。心脏病是美国人的头号杀手。在美国,每天从糖分中摄取25%或更高卡路里的人死于心脏病的可能性是日摄取量少于10%的人的两倍(《美国医学会杂志》,2014年)。无论他们饮食的其他方面多么健康,都确实如此。简单地说当人们还在为高脂肪食物是否有害而争论不休时,我们已经知晓糖分是健康杀手。Muchofthisextrasugarcomesfromsweetsandsweetdrinks.TheaverageAmericangets1/3ofhisorhersugarthroughsweetdrinksalone.TheAmericanHeartAssociationrecommends第75页共75页,thatwelimitourselvestolessthan100-150caloriesadayfromsugar,whichislessthanwhatisusuallycontainedinonecanofsweetdrinkorinasinglecandybar.Inotherwords,ifyouwanttobehealthy,youhavetocutdownondesserts,andcutoutsweetdrinksaltogether.多余的糖分大多来自甜食和甜饮料。一个普通的美国人单从甜饮料中摄取的糖分就占三分之一。美国心脏协会建议我们将每日糖摄入量限制在100至150卡路里以下,少于一听甜饮料或一块糖果通常所含的糖分。换言之,要想身体健康,就必须少吃甜点,完全禁饮甜饮料。Beyondthis,youcankeephealthybyconsumingdifferentcategoriesoffreshfoods,especiallyfruitandvegetables,whicharefullofvitaminsandfibre,ratherthanprocessedfoods.Processedfoodsoftencontainlessnutrition,andhavehigherquantitiesofsugar,salt,andfatthanfreshingredients.Besidesthis,itisalsoimportanttohavesomemeat,beans,ordairyproductsinyourdiet,astheyprovidethenecessaryproteinforstrongbonesandmusclegrowth.Aswitheverythinginlife,moderationiskey.Theidealdietisabalancedone,withouttoomuchortoolittleofanyonething.除此以外,为了保持身体健康,你还可以食用不同种类的新鲜食物,尤其是富含维生素和纤维素的水果和蔬菜,而不是加工食品。相比新鲜食材,加工食品通常营养成分较低,糖分、盐分和脂肪含量更高。此外,饮食中摄取一些肉类、豆类或奶制品也十分重要,因为这些食物为强壮骨骼、肌肉生长提供必要的蛋白质。适量是关键,生活中万事均如此。理想的饮食是均衡饮食,避免过多或过少摄入任何一种成分。Finally,afundamentalkeytohealthyeatingistoeatslowly.Ittakesabouttwentyminutesfromthetimeyoustarteatingforyourbraintotellyourbodythatyouarefull.Whatthismeansisthatpeoplewhochewtooquicklyendupeatingtoomuchfoodbecausetheystillfeelhungry.Eatingslowlyalsoallowsyourbodytodigestyourfoodbetter,andwillallowyoutoenjoyyourfoodmore.Inaddition,studiesshowthatconsistenteatinghabits,forexample,takingthreemealsadayatthesametimeeachday,arebetterforourhealth.Itisalsobettertoeatamodestamountoffoodeachtime,ratherthantoeatalotinonemeal,andthenalittleinthenext.第75页共75页,最后,健康饮食的基本要诀是细嚼慢咽。开始进食大约20分钟后,你的大脑才会告知你的身体“你吃饱了”。这意味着咀嚼过快的人最终会吃太多食物,因为他们仍然感到饥饿。细嚼慢咽还能让你的身体更好地消化食物、更充分地享受美食。此外,研究表明,有规律的饮食习惯对我们的健康更有好处,例如,每天固定时间食用三餐。而且最好每餐摄入适量的食物,而不是上一餐吃很多,下一餐吃得很少。Thereisnoonetricktohealthyeating.Rather,healthyeatingstartswithhavingahealthyattitudetowardsfood.Onequestionyoucanaskyourselfis,“DoIeattolive,orlivetoeat?”Ifyouareusingfoodmostlyfornutrition,thenyouareontherighttrackwithyourdiet.However,iffoodhasbecomethecentreofyourlife,youmightbeontheroadtobadhealth.Itisuptoyoutodecidehowyouwanttolive,andtomaketherightdecisionsaboutyourdiet。健康饮食没有诀窍。相反,健康饮食始于健康的饮食态度。你可以问自己一个问题:“我是为了活着而吃饭,还是为了吃饭而活着?”如果你吃饭主要是为了汲取营养,那么你已经在饮食上走对了路子。然而,如果食物已成为你生活的核心,那么你可能已踏上不健康之路。你想如何生活如何做出正确的饮食决择,这完全取决于你自己。ReadingandWriting(Workbook)CONVENIENCEFOODORFRESHFOOD?方便食品还是新鲜食品?AnewsurveyindicatesthatyoungpeopleinChinamuchprefermakingfreshfoodtobuyingpreparedfood.MeiLin,forexample,is22andsheisacollegegraduatefromAnhui.MeiLhasstoppedbuyingcheapfoodatthesupermarket."IwouldmuchprefermyownbowlofnoodleswithfreshvegetablesandafewspicestothepackagednoodlesIcanbuyinastore.It'sfresherandhealthier,especiallysinceIleadanactivelife,"MeiLinoftengoesjoggingintheeveningandplaystennisattheweekend,inadditiontoswimmingandtrainingforamarathoninXiamenintheautumn.Shebelievesherfreshfoodchoiceshelpherstayfitandactive.一项新的调查显示,在中国,年轻人更喜欢做新鲜的食物,而不是买准备好的食物。例如,MeiLin今年22岁,她是来自安徽的一名大学毕业生。MeiLin已经不再在超市购买廉价食品。"比起在商店里买到的包装面条,我更喜欢自己做一碗加了新鲜蔬菜和一些调料的面条。它更新鲜、更健康,特别是从我过积极的生活开始第75页共75页,。"梅琳经常在晚上去慢跑,周末去打网球,此外,她还会游泳,并为秋季在厦门的马拉松训练。她认为,选择新鲜的食物有助于她保持身体健康和活跃。Butthetrendisn'tonethatonlywomenaretakingup.SuBo,a26-year-oldcomputerprogrammerinShenzhen,saysthathehasgivenupeatingpackagedmealsexceptwhenhe'stravellingforwork,"Forme,it'samatterofwantingtobehealthyandhavingenoughenergy.Ihaveaverydemandingjob,andIneedasharpmindandstrongbody.Itdoestakemoretimetogoshopping,butIfindmyenergylevelsarehigherwhenIeatfreshfood.”SuBousedtoordermanyofhismealsonline,sothathecouldspendmoretimeworking,buthesoonstoppedthishabit."Irealiseditwasn'tgoodtonevertakeabreakfrommyjob,”hesaid.“Besides,thefoodoftenmademeill."ForSuBothismeantcookinghisownvegetables,eatinglessmeat,andcarryingfruittoworkforlunch.“SometimesIbuyoneortwobaozifromthefoodstoreonthecornerbutIusuallymakeandbringmyownlunchtowork.”LikeMeiLin,SuBoinsiststhateatinghealthyfoodhelpshimwithhisfitnessroutine.但这种趋势并不是只有女性才会接受。深圳26岁的电脑程序员苏波说,除了工作出差的时候,他已经放弃了吃打包的食物,"对我来说,这是一个希望健康和有足够能量的问题。我的工作要求很高,我需要一个敏锐的头脑和强壮的身体。逛街确实需要更多的时间,但我发现吃新鲜食物时,我的能量水平会更高。”苏波曾经在网上订购了很多饭菜,这样他就可以花更多的时间工作,但他很快就停止了这个习惯。"我意识到,从来不休息的工作是不好的,”他说,"此外,这些食物经常让我生病。"对于苏波来说,这意味着他要自己做菜,少吃肉,中午带着水果去上班。"有时我会在街角的食品店买一两个包子,但我通常会自己做午饭,带着午饭去上班。"和梅林一样,苏波也坚持吃健康食品有助于他的日常健身。Bothadmitthatintimesofstressorbusyperiodsatwork,theydosometimesgiveinandeatfastfoodorpackagedmeals."SometimesIjusthavetoeatsomethingontherun,"saysMeLin,"ButIalwaysregretit.IamsousedtomydietnowthatwhenIeatlesshealthyfood,Ifeeltired.Iexerciselessasaresult."SuBoinsiststhathedoesstillsometimesenjoyeatingonthego."ButIalmostalwayseathealthymeals.BecauseIliveathomeandmymotherpreferstoeatlikeIdo,weoftencooktogether.It'smyfatherwholikestoeatfastfoodinfrontoftheTV.”helaughs.第75页共75页,两人都承认,在工作压力大或忙碌的时候,他们有时也会让步,吃快餐或包装食品。"有时候我就是要在边走边吃点东西,"梅林说,"但我总是后悔。我现在已经习惯了自己的饮食习惯,少吃点健康的食物就会觉得累,我的运动量也因此减少了。"苏波坚持认为,自己有时确实还是喜欢边走边吃。"但我几乎都是吃健康的饭菜。因为我住在家里,我母亲也喜欢和我一样吃饭,所以我们经常一起做饭。倒是我爸喜欢在电视机前吃快餐。"他笑道Whenaskedwhethertheireatinghabitsarecommonamongtheiragegroup,bothMelLinandSuBosaytheyare.Yet,it'snotclearwhetherthisfoodtrendwillbeadoptedbyotheryoungChinesepeople.AreMelLinandSuBouniqueoraretheysettinganewtrend?It'stooearlytosay.当被问及他们的饮食习惯是否在同龄人中普遍存在时,梅林和苏波都表示是。然而,这种饮食潮流是否会被其他中国年轻人所采用,目前还不得而知。梅林和苏波是独树一帜,还是在引领新的潮流?现在说还为时过早。Unit4.JOURNEYACROSSAVASTLANDTravelfarenough,youmeetyourself.___DavidMitchell在一段足够远的旅行中,你会遇到(内心的)自己。ReadingandThinkingLiDaiyuandhercousinLiuQianwenttoCanadatovisittheircousinsinHalifaxontheAtlanticcoast.Ratherthantravelbycommercialairlinealltheway,theydecidedtoflytoVancouverandthentakethetrain.Forbothofthem,thethoughtofcrossingthewholecountybyrailwasexciting.李黛予和表妹刘倩前往加拿大探望居住在大西洋海岸哈利法克斯市的表兄妹。她们没有一路乘坐商业航班,而是决定先飞到温哥华,然后再乘坐火车。一想到可以坐火车横穿整个国家,姐妹俩就激动不已。Beforestartingout,theyspentacoupleofdaysinVancouver,seeingthesights.Duringtheirfirstday,asistypicalofVancouver,itrained.Despitetheweather,theywereabletotakeaboatrideoutintothebay,andlatervisitanislandthathadwonderfulshopssellingcraftsandantiques.Thenextdaywasclearandmild,andtheywerepleasedtoseethebeautifulmountainslookingout第75页共75页,overthecity.Latertheytookapleasanthikeinaforestjustashortdistanceaway.出发前,她们在温哥华待了两天,欣赏当地风光。第一天温哥华一如往常细雨蒙蒙。尽管天气不佳,她们仍然泛舟驶入海湾,接着游览了一座岛屿。岛上有精致的店铺,出售手工艺品和古董。第二天,天气晴朗,温度适宜,她们看到壮美的群山俯瞰着整座城市,甚是欣喜。随后,她们在不远处的森林中徒步旅行,十分惬意Thenextmorning,thetwogirlsaroseearlytotakethetraintoLakeLouise,passingthroughtheCanadianRockies.Seenfromthetrainwindow,themountainsandforestsofCanadalookedmassive.Whenthetrainarrivedatthestation,theytookataxitoLakeLouisewherethebluewaterliterallytooktheirbreathawaywithitsexceptionalbeauty.Theyspentthenight,andthentookacoachboundnorththroughtheCanadianRockiestoJasper.Lookingatthebeautifulscenery,theybothagreedthatitwasthemostawesomejourneytheyhadevertaken.Inadditiontoseeingspectacularmountainpeaksandforests,onehighlightoftheirtripwasbeingabletoseemanydifferentcreatures,includingdeer,mountaingoats,andevenagrizzlybearandaneagle.次日清晨,两个女孩早早起床,登上开往路易斯湖的火车穿越加拿大落基山脉。从车窗往外望去,加拿大巍峨的山脉和辽阔的森林尽收眼底。火车到站后,她们乘坐出租车前往路易斯湖。那里湛蓝的湖水美丽异常,摄人心魄。住了夜之后,她们乘坐长途汽车,向北穿过加拿大落基山脉,直达贾斯珀。望着眼前的美景,两人一致认为这是她们所经历过的最棒的一次旅行。除了欣赏壮丽的山峰和森林,旅程的亮点之一是能看到种类繁多的动物,如鹿、山羊、甚至还有一只灰熊和一只老鹰。FromJasper,theycaughtthetraintowardsToronto.Oneofthetrain'sfirststopswasinEdmonton,theprovincialcapitalofAlberta,thecentreofCanada'shugeoilandgasdrillingindustry.Edmontonisfreezingcoldinwinter,withdailytemperaturesaveraging-10。C.Sinceitcanbetoocoldtogooutdoors,Edmontonishometomanyshoppingmalls.Infact,oneofthelargestshoppingmallsinNorthAmericaisinEdmonton.在贾斯珀,她们坐上了开往多伦多的火车。火车的头几站中有一站是埃德蒙顿,这是阿尔伯塔的省会,也是加拿大庞大的油气开采业中心。埃德蒙顿冬季十分寒冷,日平均气温为零下10摄氏度。由于天寒地冻,不适合户外活动,因此埃德蒙顿拥有众多大型购物中心。事实上,北美最大的购物中心之一就在埃德蒙顿。第75页共75页,FromEdmonton,thetrainheadedsoutheastacrossthegreatCanadianPrairie.Atschool,DaiyuandLiuQianhadleantthatCanada'spopulationisonlyslightlyoverthirty-sevenmillion.However,theydidnotanticipateseeingsuchanopencountry,andweretrulyamazed.Theywentthroughtwowheat-growingprovinces,wheretheysawabunchoffarmsthatcoveredaverylargearea.火车从埃德蒙顿出发,向东南方行驶,一路穿越加拿大大草原。黛予和刘倩在学校学过,加拿大的人口才刚过3700万。但两人还是未曾料想能看到如此辽阔的国度,真是惊叹不已。她们穿越两个种植小麦的省份,看到一片片广阔的农场。Afteranotherdayonthetrain,eventuallytheywerebackinanurbanarea,thecityofWinnipeg.Fromthere,theytravelledthroughthenight,andwokeupinOntario—alandofforestsandlakes.Thetrainthunderedon,throughtherollinghills.Thebushesandmapletreesoutsidetheirwindowswerered,gold,andorange,andtherewasfrostontheground,confirmingthatautumnhadarrivedinCanada.Nightcameagain,andthetrainturnedsouthtowardsToronto.Whentheywokeupthenextmorningandpulledbackthecurtain,theycouldseethewidestretchofLakeHuron—oneofthefourGreatLakesonOntario'ssouthernborder.Itwasnotuntil9:30am.thattheyfinallyreachedthecapitalofOntario,Toronto.Allinall,theirtripfromVancouvertoTorontohadtakenadurationoffourdays.她们在火车上又度过了天,最终回到了都市区域—温尼伯市。从该市出发,她们连夜前行,从梦乡中醒来时火车已抵达森林和湖泊密布的安大略省。火车继续轰隆隆地向前行驶,穿过绵延的群山。窗外的灌木丛和枫树林呈红色、金色和橘黄色,地面盖着一层霜,表明加拿大已进入秋季。夜幕再次降临,火车转向南行,开往多伦多。次日清晨,她们醒来,拉开车窗窗帘,辽阔的休伦湖映入眼帘。休伦湖是安大略省南部边境的四大湖之一。上午九点半,她们终于抵达安大略的省会多伦多。从温哥华到多伦多,她们的旅行总共历时四天。UsingLanguageSEEINGTHETRUENORTHVIARAIL:第75页共75页,TORONTOANDMONTREALAfterDaiyuandhercousinarrivedinToronto,thelargestandwealthiestcityinCanada,theyonlyhadafewhourstokillbeforetheyhadtoproceedtothenextlegoftheirtriptoMontreal,sotheywentonatourofthecity.TheywentuptheCNTowerandlookedacrosstheshoresofLakeOntario.Standinginthedistance,theywereastonishedtoseemistycloudsrisingfromthegreatNiagaraFalls,whichisonthesouthsideofthelake.WaterfromthelakelowsintotheNiagaraRiverandoverthefallsonitswaytothesea.李黛予和表妹抵达加拿大最大、最富有的城市多伦多之后仅有几个小时的时间可以消磨,然后就得继续前往旅程的下一站蒙特利尔,于是两人就在市区逛了逛。她们登上加拿大国家电视塔,眺望安大略湖畔。站在远处,她们看到湖南边的尼亚加拉大瀑布升腾而起的水雾,惊叹不已。湖水流人尼亚加拉河,越过尼亚加拉瀑布,最终汇入大海Thegirlssawhundredsofskyscrapersofglassandsteelandold-fashionedcarsrollingby.Astheywalkednorthfromtheharbourarea,LiDaiyusaid,“LinFei,oneofmymother’soldschoolmates,liveshere.Ishouldphoneherandseeifshe’savailablefordinner.”两个女孩看到很多玻璃和钢筋建造的摩天大楼,还有老式汽车从身边驶过。离开港口区后,她们向北行走。李黛予说:“我妈妈的老同学林菲就住在这里。我得给她打个电话,看看她是否有空一起吃晚饭。”TheymetLinFeiaroundduskoverdinneratarestaurantindowntownChinatown.ThecousinschattedwithLinFei,whohadmovedtoCanadamanyyearsearlier.黄昏时分,她们在市中心唐人街的一家餐馆里与林菲见了面,并共进晚餐。林菲多年前就来到加拿大生活。表姐妹俩与她畅聊了一番。“ThisisthelargestChinatowninToronto.WehaveafewmoreintheGreaterTorontoArea,soyoucanguessthattherearealotofChinesepeopleinCanada!Chinesepeoplehavebeencominghereformorethanahundredyears.Therefore,wecangetallkindsofgreatfoodherefromalloverChina,”LinFeitoldthem.“这是多伦多最大的唐人街。大多伦多地区还有几个唐人街,你们可以猜到加拿大有很多中国人!一百多年来,不断第75页共75页,有中国人来到这里。所以,我们在这里能吃到中国各地的各色美食。”林菲告诉她们。ThetrainleftlatethatnightandarrivedinMontrealearlythenextmorning.Atthestation,incontrasttoToronto,theyheardpeopletalkinginFrench.TheyweresurprisedtoseethatallthesignsandadvertisementswereinFrenchandmanypeoplespokeEnglishwithanaccent.火车于当天深夜出发,次日一早抵达蒙特利尔。在火车站她们听见人们用法语交谈,这与多伦多形成鲜明对比。两人惊奇地发现所有的标示牌和广告都是用法文写的,而且许多人说英语都有口音。“Wedon’tleaveuntilthisevening,”saidLiuQian,“Let’sgodowntown.OldMontrealIsclosetothewater.”“我们要到傍晚才动身。”刘倩说,“咱们到市区逛逛吧蒙特利尔老城区就在河边。”TheyspenttheafternooninlovelyshopsandvisitingartistsintheirworkplacesalongStPaulStreet.AstheysatinarestaurantalongsidethebroadStLawrenceRiver,ayoungmansatdownwiththem.整个下午,她们穿梭于一家家可爱的小店,拜访圣保罗街边工作坊里的艺术家们。两人在宽阔的圣劳伦斯河边上的“Hello,mynameisJean-Philippe.I’maphotographer.”hesaid,“andIwaswonderingwhereyouarefrom”“你们好,我叫让·菲利普,是一名摄影师。”他说道,“请问你们从哪里来?ThegirlstoldhimtheywerefromChinaandwereonatraintripacrossCanada.WhentheytoldhimtheyhadonlyonedayinMontreal,hesaid,“That’stoobad.Youoweittoyourselvestostaylonger.Overall,Montrealisacitywithwonderfulsightsandsounds.MostofusspeakbothEnglishandFrench,andthecityhasuniqueQuebeccultureandtraditions.Therearefantasticrestaurantsandclubsaround,too.Here,welovegoodcoffee,toastandcheese.Andgoodmusic,ofcourse”第75页共75页,姑娘们告诉他,她们来自中国,并且正在进行横跨加拿大的火车之旅。得知她们只能在蒙特利尔逗留一天时,他说道:“那太可惜了,你们应该多待几天。总的来说,蒙特利尔是一座声色俱佳的城市。我们大多数人既说英语,也说法语。这座城市拥有独特的魁北克文化和传统。此外,这里还有很棒的餐馆和酒吧。这里的人酷爱美味的咖啡、吐司和奶酪。当然,还有动听的音乐!”ThatnightthetrainwasspeedingalongtheSt.LawrenceRivertowardstheGulfofStLawrenceanddowntothedistanteastcoasttowardstheprovinceofNovaScotiaanditslargestcity,Halifax.Thecousinsdreamthappilyofthebeautifulcobblestonestreets,oldbrickbuildings,andtheredmapleleavesofMontreal.当晚,火车沿着圣劳伦斯河向圣劳伦斯湾飞驰,经过远方的东海岸,驶向新斯科舍省及其最大的城市哈利法克斯。在梦乡中,表姐妺俩愉快地回味着蒙特利尔美丽的鹅卵石街道、古老的砖砌建筑和鲜红的枫叶。ReadingandWriting(Workbook)XUXIAKE'SGUILIN徐霞客的桂林Itis10inthemorning,andIamtravellingbyraftdowntheLiRiver.Thesunisalreadyburninghoteventhoughithasnotyetreachedfullstrength,butacalmbreezecoolsmyskin.Sofarthedayiswonderfulbutthepurposeofmytripisnotjusttohavefun:IamfollowinginthefootstepsofXuXiake(1587-1641),thefamousChinesetravelwriteandgeographer.ThoughXuwasfromJiangsu,hespentmorethan80yearstravellingthroughoutthecountry,andgreatlyadmiredmydestinationtoday—OxGorge.现在是上午10点,我正乘着竹筏顺着漓江而下。虽然太阳还没有完全晒到,但已经是火辣辣的了,但一阵阵平和的微风却让我的皮肤凉爽起来。到目前为止,今天的天气是美好的,但我此行的目的不仅仅是为了玩乐。我是在追随徐霞客(1587-1641)的脚步,他是中国著名的旅行作家和地理学家。虽然徐是江苏人,但他花了80多年的时间走遍了全国各地,他非常欣赏我今天的目的地---Ox峡谷。Asweflowdowntheriver,wearesurroundedbysteephillsstickingupintothesky—karsts.Uniqueamongmountains,karstswereformedoverthousandsofyearsasraindrainedintothe第75页共75页,acidicsoilandmeltedthesoftrock,leavingtheharderrockbehind,Guangxiisfullofkarsts,givingitsomeofthemostinteresting—andbeautiful—sceneryintheworld.XuwasoneofthefirstpeopletomakeacarefulstudyofGuilin’skarstsandtheirrelatedcavesystems.He,likemanypeopletoday,foundthemfascinating.当我们顺着河水往下走的时候,四周都是直插云霄的陡峭山体--喀斯特。喀斯特是山地中独一无二的,是几千年来雨水排入酸性土壤,融化了柔软的岩石,留下了坚硬的岩石,广西到处都是喀斯特,形成了世界上最有趣、最美丽的风景。徐先生是最早对桂林岩溶及其相关洞穴系统进行仔细研究的人之一。他和今天的许多人一样,觉得它们很迷人。Suddenly,ourrafthitssomerapids,andIfindmyselfcoveredinwater,Iturntomyraftsmanandwesharealaugh.Thewaternotonlykeepsuscool,butitisallpartoftheadventure.突然,我们的竹筏遇到了一些急流,我发现自己浑身都是水,我转过身来,和筏工一起哈哈大笑。水不仅让我们感到凉爽,而且这都是冒险的一部分。WhatmadesomeonelikeXuspendyearstravellingthousandsofkilometresawayfromhome?Perhapsit'sthesamereasonasmine:toexploretheworldandtodiscovernewthings.AsXuwrote,“Agreatmanshouldinthemorningbeatthebluesea,andintheeveningatMountCangwu.WhyshouldIrestrictmyselftoonecorneroftheworld?”是什么原因让许某人长年累月地在离家数千公里的地方旅行?也许和我的原因一样:探索世界,发现新事物。正如徐所写的那样:"大丈夫当朝游碧海而暮苍梧。为什么要把自己限制在世界的某个角落呢?"Xuwasnotalone.Muchliketoday,thelateMingDynastywasagoldenageoftourismwithinChina.Peopletravelledhundredsofkilometrestovisittemples,gomountainclimbing,orexplorescenery.徐先生并不孤独,和今天一样,明朝末年是中国国内旅游的黄金时代。人们不远千里去参观寺庙,去爬山,或者去游览风景。Unit5.FIRSTAID第75页共75页,It’sagreathonourtosavealife.—LeighBardugo.救人一命,善莫大焉。ReadingandThinkingFIRSTAIDFORBURNSTheskinisanessentialpartofyourbodyandisitslargestorgan.Yourskinactsasabarrieragainstdisease,toxins,andthesun'sraysItalsohelpscontrolyourbodytemperature,preventsyourbodyfromlosingtoomuchwater,warnsyouwhenthingsaretoohotorcold,andgivesyouyoursenseoftouch.Asyoucanimagine,gettingburntcanleadtoveryseriousinjuries.Thefirstandmostimportantstepinthetreatmentofburnsisgivingfirstaid皮肤是人体必不可少的一部分,也是人体最大的器官。皮肤是一道屏障,能阻挡疾病、毒素和太阳光线的侵入。皮肤还有助于控制体温,防止身体流失过多的水分,在外物过热或过冷时发出警告,并使你拥有触觉。可想而知,烧伤会造成严重后果。在处理烧伤时,第一步也是最重要的一步就是采取急救措施。CAUSESOFBURNS烧伤的原因Youcangetburntbyavarietyofthings:hotliquids,steam,fire,radiation,thesun,electricity,acids,orotherchemicals.很多东西都会造成烧伤:灼热的液体、蒸汽、明火、辐射、太阳光、电流、酸性物质或其他化学品。TYPESOFBURNS烧伤的种类Burnsaredividedintothreetypes,dependingonthedepthofskindamage根据皮肤损伤的深度,烧伤分为三类。First-degreeburns:Theseaffectonlythetopfewmillimetresoftheskin.Theseburnsarenotserious.Examplesincludemildsunburnandburnscausedbyotherminorhouseholdincidents.一度烧伤:仅伤及最上层几毫米的皮肤。此类烧伤并不严重,如轻度的晒伤和其他轻微家庭事故造成的烧伤。Second-degreeburns:Thesegobelowthetoplayeroftheskin.Theyareseriousandtakeafewweekstogetbetter.Examplesincludeburnscausedbyhotliquids.第75页共75页,二度烧伤:伤及最上层皮肤以下的部位。此类烧伤较为严重,需要数周时间才能康复,如灼热的液体造成的烧伤Third-degreeburns:Theseaffecteverylayeroftheskin,andsometimesthetissueunderit.Examplesincludeburnscausedbyelectricshocks,burningclothes,orpetrolfires.Theseburnscauseverysevereinternalinjuriesandthevictimmustgotothehospitalatonce.三度烧伤:伤及每一层皮肤,有时甚至伤及皮下组织,如因电击灼伤、衣服着火造成的烧伤,或汽油起火造成的烧伤。此类烧伤会引起非常严重的内部损伤,伤者必须立即送往医院。CHARACTERISTICSOFBURNS烧伤的特点第75页共75页First-degreeburnsldry,red,andmildlyswollenlmildlypainfullturnwhitewhenpressedSecond-degreeburnslredandswollen,blisters:waterysurfacelextremelypainfulThird-degreeburnslblackandwhitelswollen,thetissueunderneathcanoftenbeseenllittleornopainifnervesaredamaged:maybepainfularoundtheedgesoftheburn第75页共75页一度烧伤l干燥、发红、微肿l微痛l受压时变白二度烧伤l发红、肿胀;起水疱;表层渗液l极度疼痛三度烧伤l皮肤发黑或变白l肿胀;通常可见皮下组织l如神经受损,则微痛或无痛感;创面边缘或有痛感FIRST-AIDTREATMENT急救处理第75页共75页,1Placeburnsundercoolrunningwater,especiallywithinthefirsttenminutes,Thecoolwaterstopstheburningprocessandreducesthepainandswelling.1.将烧伤部位放在流动的冷水下冲洗,尤其在前十分钟。冷水冲洗可阻止烧伤进程,缓解疼痛和肿胀2Drytheburntareagentlywithacleancloth.2.用干净的布轻轻吸干烧伤部位的水分。3Removeanyclothesusingscissorsifnecessary,unlessyouseethefabricstickingtotheburntskin.3.如有必要,用剪刀剪掉烧伤部位的衣服,除非衣服与被烧伤的皮肤粘连在一起。4Covertheburntareawithaloosecleancloth.Applyingoiltotheinjuredareasisabadidea,asitwillkeeptheheatinthewoundsandmaycauseinfection.4.用干净透气的布盖住烧伤部位。在受伤处涂抹油膏不可取,因为这会阻碍伤口散热,而且可能引发感染。5Ifburnsareontheface,makesurethevictimcanstillbreathe.5.如果烧伤部位在脸上,应确保伤者仍可呼吸。6Ifthevictimissufferingfromsecondorthird-degreeburns,thereisanurgentneedtotakehim/hertothehospitalatonce.6.如果伤者是二度或三度烧伤,必须立刻送往医院。UsingLanguageChenWei,ahighschoolstudentinBeijing,hadhisdinnerinterruptedwhenheheardsomeonescreamingfromanothertable.Afellowdinerattherestaurant,ZhangTao,waschokingonsomesteak.Hewasnowholdinghisthroatwithhisfaceturningred,whilehisdesperatefriends第75页共75页,wereslappinghimontheback.北京高中生陈伟在吃晚餐,这时另一桌突然传来客人的尖叫声。原来餐馆里一个叫张涛的人被牛排噎住了。只见他按着喉咙,满脸通红,他的几个朋友正拼命拍打他的背部。Chenwastednotime.HegotupandrantoZhang'stableatonce.WiththehelpofZhang'sfriends,hewasabletohelpZhangtohisfeet.Then,standingbehindZhang,ChendidtheHeimlichmanoeuvre.Thefoodwasinstantlyforcedout,andZhangbegantobreatheagain.Tenminuteslater,anambulancearrived.ThedoctorscheckedZhangandmadesurethathewasfine.Theysuggestedheeatmoreslowlyandtakesmallerbitesbeforetheyleft.陈伟毫不迟疑。他立刻起身,跑到张涛桌前。在张涛朋友们的帮助下,陈伟扶着他站了起来。接着,陈伟站在张涛的背后,实施海姆立克急救法。食物瞬间被排出,张涛又能开始呼吸了。十分钟后,救护车赶到。医生们为张涛做了检査,确保他没有大碍。离开前,医生建议他吃饭要细嚼慢咽,小口进食。Chokingvictimsusuallyhaveonlyaboutfourminutesbeforetheycollapseandsometimesdie,leavingnotimeforanambulancetoarrive.Tosolvethisproblem,in1974,anAmericandoctor,HenryHeimlich,createdtheHeimlichmanoeuvre,savingthousandsoflivesaroundtheworld.DoingtheHeimlichmanoeuvreisquickpractical,andeasy.Itissoeasy,infact,thatalmostanyonecanlearnhow.噎食者通常大约四分钟后就会瘫倒在地,有时甚至死亡,等不到救护车的到来。为解决这一问题,1974年美国医生亨利・海姆立克发明了海姆立克急救法,挽救了全世界成千上万人的生命。海姆立克急救法简便、实用、见效快。事实上,它非常容易操作,几乎所有人都能学会。Ifyouseesomeonechoking,firstcalltheemergencyservices.Then,makesurethevictimisreallychoking:Achokingpersoncannotspeak.Slappingthevictim’sbackwilloftenforceouttheobstruction.Ifthisdoesnotwork,youcanperformtheHeimlichmanoeuvrebystandingbehindhimandwrappingyourarmsaroundhiswaist.Makeafistwithonehandandplaceitintheupperpartofhisstomach.Grabbingyourfistwithyourotherhandtightly,pushupandintohisstomachinonemotion.Continuedoingthisuntiltheobstructionisforcedout.第75页共75页,如果你发现有人被噎住,首先拨打急救电适。然后,确定此人确实是被噎住了:人被噎时是无法说话的。拍打噎食者的背部通常可以将异物排出。如果不奏效,那么你可以实施海姆立克急救法。具体做法是:站在此人身后,用双臂环抱其腰部。只手握拳,置于其上腹部,另一只手紧紧握住拳头,快速用力向上在里挤压。重复上述动作,直至异物排出。DoingtheHeimlichmanoeuvreonasmallchildisnotrecommended,asyoumayhurthim.Instead,laythechildfacedownonyourlapwiththeheadlowerthantherestofhisbody,andthengivefirmslapstohisupperbackuntilhecanbreatheagain不建议对小孩实施海姆立克急救法,因为你可能会伤到他/她。相反,应将孩子脸朝下放在大腿上,使其头部低于身体其他部位,然后用力拍打其上背部,直至他/她恢复呼吸。Withchokingvictims,everyminutecounts.Youcannotjuststandbyanddonothing.Luckily,Chenhadlearnthowtogivefirsaidinschool.SeeingZhangchoking,heremainedcalmandreactedimmediately.Chenlatersaidabouttheincident,"HowcouldIjustifysittingthereanddoingnothing?Weareallhumansandweallhavearesponsibilitytolookafteroneanother'swelfare”救助噎食者,分秒必争。不要袖手旁观。幸运的是,陈伟在学校学过急救方法。看到张涛噎住,他保持冷静,且反应迅速。后来,陈伟谈起此事时说道:“我有什么理由坐在那儿袖手旁观呢?大家都是人,我们都有责任关心彼此的幸福。”ReadingandWriting(Workbook)ISYOURHOMESAFE?您的家安全吗?Yourhomecanbeadangerousplace,butbymakingitsaferyoucanpreventaccidents.Thekitchen,bathroom,andbedroomarewheremostaccidentshappen.Thesecanincludefalls,fires,poisoning,cuts,hotwaterburns,andelectricshocks.您的家可能是一个危险的地方,但通过使它更安全,您可以防止事故的发生。厨房、浴室和卧室是发生事故最多的地方。这些事故包括摔倒、火灾、中毒、割伤、热水烫伤和电击。THEKITCHEN厨房第75页共75页,lPeoplemayslipwhentheflooriswetsomakesuretheflooriskeptdry.lAlwayscutawayfromyourbodywhenyouuseaknife.lFollowinstructionsforallelectricalappliances.lUnplugallappliancesafteruse.地板潮湿时,人可能会滑倒,所以要确保地板保持干燥。使用刀子时,一定要从身体向外切。。遵守所有电器的使用说明。使用后要拔掉所有电器的插头。THEBEDROOM卧室lNeversmokeinbedlKeepalampnearthebedlHaveatelephonenearthebed,especiallywhenyou'refeelingill.lDon’trunelectricalwiresundercarpets.绝不在床上吸烟在床边放一盏灯在床边放一个电话,特别是当你感觉不舒服的时候不要在地毯下面走电线。THEBATHROOM洗手间lDon'tpluginanelectricalapplianceoruseonewhilestandinginwater.lDon’tuseahairdryernearabathcontainingwater.lKeepthebathroomfloordry.lMakesurethatyourhotwaterheaterissetatalowtemperature不要在水中站立时插电器插头或使用电器。不要在有水的浴缸附近使用吹风机。保持浴室地面干燥。确保您的热水器设置在低温状态。PREVENTINGFIRES预防火灾第75页共75页,Firescancauseterribledamagetoyourhomeandterribleinjuriestopeople.Ifthereisafire,yourfirstprioritysgettingeveryoneoutofthehousesafely,andthencallingforhelp.Nevergobackintoaburningbuildingtosaveyourthing.火灾会给你的家造成可怕的损失,也会给人们带来可怕的伤害。如果发生火灾,您的首要任务是让每个人都安全地离开房子,然后打电话求救。千万不要回到燃烧的建筑物中去救你的东西。lBuyclothes,curtains,andtoysthatdonotburneasilylUseheatersverycarefully,astheycansetobjectsonfire.lPacethemawayfromfurniturewhencooking,donotletoiltouchthefireorothersourcesofheat.lCheckelectricalwiresanumberoftimeseachyeartomakesuretheyareingoodcondition.lSwitchoffyourgasandelectricitywhenyouwillbeawayfromhomeforalongtime.lMakesureyourhomeisequippedwithfireextinguishers.购买不容易燃烧的衣服、窗帘、玩具等。使用加热器时要非常小心,因为它们可能会使物体着火。烹饪时要远离家具,不要让油接触到火或其他热源。每年都要检查电线多次,确保电线处于良好状态。当您长时间不在家时,请关闭您的煤气和电。确保家中装有灭火器。CHILDRENANDHOMESAFETY儿童和家庭安全Homesarenotalwayssafeplacesforyoungchildren.Beingcurious,themaysticktheirfingersorobjectsintodangerousplacesandendupsufferingfromelectricshocksorgettingburnt.Inaddition,theymaytrytoeatordrinkanythingtheycanfind,whetheritisfoodornot.Forthesereasons,itisimportanttomakeyourhomesafeifyouhaveyoungchildrenabout.对幼儿来说,家庭并不总是安全的地方。由于好奇心强,他们可能会把手指或物品伸进危险的地方,最终遭受电击或被烫伤。此外,他们可能会尝试吃或喝任何他们能找到的东西,不管它是否是食物。因此,如果您有小孩在身边,让您的家变得安全是很重要的。第75页共75页,lKeepmatchesoutofthereachofchildren.lStoreallcleaningmaterialsinalockedcupboard.lNeverleaveasmallchildaloneinthebath.lPutcoversoverelectricaloutlets.lKeepallmedicinesoutofthereachofchildren.将火柴放在儿童无法触及的地方。将所有清洁用品存放在上锁的柜子里。切勿将小孩单独留在浴室内。在电源插座上加盖。將所有藥物放在兒童無法觸及的地方。MAKINGYOURHOMESAFEFORTHEELDERLY让老人的家更安全Theelderlypresentspecialchallenges,astheymayhavetroublemovingaboutandcanbeseriouslyhurtinfalls.Ifyouhaveanelderlypersoninyourhome,youmayneedtotakesomeextrameasurestomakeyourhomesafer.老年人提出了特殊的挑战,因为他们可能会有行动不便,并可能在跌倒时受到严重伤害。如果您的家中有老人,您可能需要采取一些额外的措施,使您的家更安全。lMakesurethatpassageswithinthehomearekeptclear.lPutnon-slipbathmatsinandnexttothebathandshower.lPuthandrailsalongpassagewallsandinthebathroom.确保家中的通道保持畅通。在浴室和淋浴间内和旁边铺设防滑浴垫。沿着通道墙壁和在浴室内放置扶手。第75页共75页,【新教材】人教版(2019)高中英语选择性必修第三册课文原文与翻译UnitOneARTLoveofbeautyistaste.爱美是一种品味,Thecreationofbeautyisart.而创造美则是一种艺术。-----RalphWaldoEmersonReadingandThinkingASHORTHISTORYOFWESTERNPAINTNG西方绘画艺术简史WhatisWesternart?Itishardtogiveaprecisedefinition.AstherehavebeensomanydifferentstylesofWesternart,itisimpossibletodescribethemallinashorttext.PerhapsthebestwaytounderstandWesternartistolookatthedevelopmentofWesternpaintingoverthecenturies.什么是西方艺术?很难给出一个精确的定义。由于西方的艺术风格多种多样,在短短的一篇课文里不可能进行全面的描述。也许了解西方艺术的最好方法就是看看几个世纪以来西方绘画的发展。TheMiddleAges(fromthe5thtothe15thcentury)中世纪(5世纪到15世纪)DuringtheMiddleAges,thepurposeofWesternartwastoteachpeopleaboutChristianity.Thus,artistswerenotinterestedinpaintingrealisticscenes.Theirworkswereoftenprimitiveandtwo-dimensional,andthemaincharacterswereoftenmademuchlargerthaneveryoneelsetoshowtheirimportance.Thisbegantochangeinthe13thcenturywithGiottodiBondone(1267-1337).Whilehispaintingsstillhadreligiousthemes,theyshowedrealpeopleinarealenvironment.Inparticular,hispaintingsaresetapartfromotherpaintingsbytheirrealistichumanfacesanddeepemotionalimpact.在中世纪,西方艺术的目的是向人们传授基督教。因此,艺术家对写实场景不感兴趣。他们的作品通常较为粗糙且二维化,主体人物通常比其他人物大得多,以显示他们的重要性。这种情况在13世纪时因乔托・迪・邦多纳(1267-1337)而开始改变。尽管他的画仍然带有宗教主题,但它们展示的是真实的环境中的真实人物。尤其是他的画作,因其逼真的人物面貌和深刻的情感冲击而从其他画作中脱颖而出。第75页共75页,TheRenaissance(fromthe14thtothe17thcentury)文艺复兴时期(14世纪到17世纪)NewideasandvaluesgraduallyreplacedoldonesfromtheMiddleAges.Asaresult,paintersconcentratedlessonreligiousthemes.Theybegantoadoptamorehumanisticattitudetolife.AnimportantbreakthroughduringthisperiodwastheuseofperspectivebyMasaccio(1401-1428)InfluentialpainterssuchasLeonardodaVinci(1452-1519),Michelangelo(1475-1564)andRaphael(1483-1520)builtuponGiottoandMasaccio'sinnovationstoproducesomeofthegreatestartthatEuropehadeverseen.新的思想和价值观逐渐取代了中世纪的思想和价值观。因此,画家较少关注宗教主题。他们开始采取一种更人性化的生活态度。这一时期的个重要突破是马萨乔(1401-1428)对透视法的运用。一些颇具影响力的画家,例如昂纳多达芬・奇、米开朗琪罗和拉斐尔,在乔托和马萨乔的创新基础上继续发展,创造出欧洲前所未见的一些最伟大的艺术作品。Anotherinnovationwastheuseofoilpaints.Withtheirdeepcoloursandrealism,someofthebestoilpaintingslooklikephotographs.WhilepaintersasearlyasDaVincihadusedoil,thistechniquereacheditsheightwithRembrandt(1606-1669),whogainedareputationasamasterofshadowandlight另一个创新是油画颜料的使用。由于其深沉的色彩和现实主义风格,一些最好的油画看上去就像是照片。尽管早在达芬・奇时代一些画家就使用油彩绘画,但伦勃朗使得这种技艺达到顶峰,他拥有“光影大师”的雅称。Insubjectmatter,theemphasisincreasinglyshiftedfromreligiousthemestopeopleandtheworldaroundus.Kings,nobles,andpeopleofhighrankwantedtopurchaseaccuratepicturesofthemselvesandthepeopletheyloved.Otherswantedpaintingsshowingimportanthistoricaleventsorstoriesfrommythology.Finally,mostclientswantedpaintingsthatwerebeautifulandinterestingtolookat.在题材上,重点逐渐从宗教主题转移到人和我们周围的世界。国王、贵族和上流社会人士都想购买自己和所爱之人的准确照片。其他人则想要展示重要历史事件或神话故事的画作。最后,大多数客户都想要看起来美丽有趣的画作。第75页共75页,Impressionism(late19thtoearly20thcentury)印象派时期(19世纪后期到20世纪初期ThedevelopmentofWesternartsloweduntiltheinventionofphotographyinthemid-19thcentury.Afterthat,paintingswerenolongerneededtopreservewhatpeopleandtheworldlookedlike.Hence,paintershadtofindanewwayoflookingattheirart.Fromthis,ImpressionismemergedinFrance.ThenameofthisnewmovementcamefromthepaintingbyClaudeMonet1840-1926)calledImpression,Sunrise.Inthiswork,Monetsaimwastoconveythelightandmovementinthescene—thesubjectiveimpressionthescenegavehim—butnotadetailedrecordofthesceneitself.直到19世纪中叶摄影术发明之前,西方艺术的发展缓慢。在那之后,不再需要绘画来保存人和世界的面貌了。因此,画家们不得不寻找一种新的方式来看待他们的艺术。由此,印象派在法国应运而生。这个新运动的名字来源于克劳德・莫奈(1840-1926)的一幅名为《印象日出》的画作。在这幅作品中,莫奈想传达场景中的光线和运动——场景给他的主观印象——而不是场景本身的详细记录。WhilemanyImpressionistspaintedscenesofnatureordailylife,others,suchasRenoir(1841-1919),focusedonpeople.Unlikethecold,black-and-whitephotographsofthattimeperiod,Renoirspaintingsarefulloflight,shadow,colour,andlife.Hesoughttoshownotjusttheouterimageofhissubjects,buttheirinnerwarmthandhumanityaswell.虽然许多印象派画家描绘了自然或日常生活场景,但其他画家,如雷诺阿(1841-1919年)则以人物为关注对象。雷诺阿的画作与那个时代冷淡的黑白照片不同,充满了光、影、色彩和生命。他不仅试图展示他笔下人物的外在形象,而且还展示他们内心的温暖和人性。ModernArt(fromthe20thcenturytotoday)现代艺术(20世纪至今)AfterImpressionism.subsequentartistsbegantoask.Whatdowedonext?PainterssuchasPicasso(1881-1973)triedtoanalysetheshapeswhichexistedinthenaturalworldbutinanewway,withCubism.Othersgavetheirpaintingsarealisticbutdream-likequality.Stillothersturnedtoabstractart.Whattheyattemptedtodowasnolongershowreality,butinsteadtoaskthequestion,"Whatisart?在印象派之后,后来的艺术家开始问“下一步我们该做什么?”像毕加索(1881-1973)这样的画家试图用一种新的方法——第75页共75页,立体主义来分析自然界中存在的形状。其他人则赋予他们的画中一种写实但又像梦一样的品质特征。还有一些人转向抽象艺术。他们试图做的不再是展示现实,而是提出一个问题“什么是艺术?”UsingLanguageANCIENTCHINNESEARTONSHOW中国古代艺术展览TheRichfieldMuseumofFineArtisproudtopresentournewexhibition,“FromShangtoQing:ChineseArtThroughtheAges.”Joinusasweexploremorethan3,000yearsofwonderfulartfromtheMiddleKingdom.Frombronzebowlstoceramicvases,andjadesculpturestoinkwashpaintingsourgoalistodisplaytheChineseartisticgeniusfromancienttimes瑞奇菲尔德美术博物馆很荣幸地推出我们的新展览一从商到清:中国艺术千古流传”。加入我们,一起探索来自“中央王国”3000多年的精彩纷呈的艺术吧。从青铜碗到陶瓷花瓶,从玉雕到水墨画,我们的目标是展示中国古代的艺术天赋。ThehighlightofthisexhibitionisthepaintingClearingAfterSnowonaMountainPass,oneofthegreatworksofTangYin(1470-1524).BornduringtheMingDynasty,Tangsoughtandfailedtogainentryintothecivilservice,soheturnedtopaintinginstead.Intime,hegainedrecognitionasoneofthegreatestartistsChinahaseverknown.Thispainting,showinghighmountains,trees,andhousescoveredinsnow,wasmadewithextraordinaryskill.Thoughitisover500yearsold,itlooksasfreshandfulloflifeasthedayitwascreated.此次展览的重头戏是唐寅(1470-1524)的巨作之《函关雪霁图》。唐寅出生于明朝,但未能进入文职队伍,因此他转而从事绘画。随着时间的推移,他被公认为中国有史以来最伟大的艺术家之一。这幅画作运用非凡的技巧,展现了高山、树木和被雪覆盖的房屋。虽然它已经有500多年的历史了,但它看起来与它创建之日时一样清新、充满生机。Alsoofprimarynoteisacollectionofnearly100bronzeobjectsfromtheShangDynasty(1600BCE-1046BCE).Whiletheartistswhomadethesegreatworksarenotknown,theyshowedgreatskillincreatingthesebeautifulpieces.SomeoftheitemsondisplayarethoughttohavecomefromthecollectionofEmperor第75页共75页,Qianlong(1711-1799),agreatadmirerofShangDynastybronze同样十分重要的(看点)是一组近百件商代(公元1600年—公元前1046年)青铜器品。虽然创作这些伟大作品的艺术家并不为人所知,但他们在创造这些精美作品时展现了高超的技巧。部分展品被认为是来自对商朝青铜器大为赞赏的乾隆皇帝(1711-1799年)的收藏品。Finally,wehavemanyfineexamplesofTangDynasty(618-907)sculptures.MostoftheseareofBuddhistorigin.EventhoughBuddhismenteredChinamuchearlier,itdidnotreallybegintoshowexpansionuntiltheseventhcentury.Duringthissameperiod,tradealongtheSilkRoadalsoboomed.ChinesesculpturethusfounditselfhighlyinfluencedbyBuddhistartbroughtfromIndiaandCentralAsiathroughtheSilkRoad.TheseworkswereintendedtospreadBuddhismandtheyareofexceptionalbeautyandquality.Lookingatthefacesofthefiguresinthesesculptures,oneseesthefacesofthepast.Historyisbroughttolife.最后,我们有许多唐代(618-907)雕塑精品。其中大多数作品与佛教的起源有关。尽管佛教进入中国的时间要早得多,但直到公元7世纪才真正开始传播。在同一时期,丝绸之路的贸易也蓬勃发展。因此,中国雕塑受到通过丝绸之路从印度和中亚传来的佛教艺术的极大影啊。这些作品旨在传播佛教,具有非凡的美感和品质。看着这些雕塑中人物的面孔,您会看到过去时代的面孔,历史栩栩如生。Thisisjustasmalltasteofwhatisinstoreforyouinthisexhibition.Weguaranteethat"FromShangtoQing:ChineseArtThroughtheAges"willtransportyoutoanothertimewithitsamazingcollectionofworks.以上只是让你稍微感受下你将在本次展览看到什么。我们保证“从商到清:中国历代艺术”将以其惊人的收藏品将您带到另一个时代。FromShangtoQing:ChineseArtThroughtheAges"willrununtilNovember25.“从商到清:中国历代艺术”将持续到11月25日。Openinghoursarefrom9:00a.m.to5:00p.m,fromTuesdaytoSunday(themuseumisclosedonMondays).Noonewillbeadmittedintotheexhibitionafter4:30p.m.开放时间为周二至周日上午九时至下午五时(博物馆逢星期一闭馆)。展览下午4:30后停止入馆。Admission:$10foradults;$8forstudents;$5forchildrenunder12;freeforchildrenunder5.第75页共75页,门票:成人10美元;学生8美元;十ニ岁以下的儿童5美元;5岁以下儿童免费入场。Nophotosorfoodanddrinkareallowedinthemuseum.博物馆内禁止拍照、携带食物和饲料。ReadingandWritingTHESTARRYNIGHT星夜PerhapsmyfavouritepaintingisTheStarryNight,byVincentvanGogh(1853-1890).BornintheNetherlands,VanGoghhadalwaysbeeninterestedinart,andtriedtoliveasaprofessionalpainterstartingfrom1883.Hisearlyworkwasdarkandsad,soin1886VanGogh'sbrotherTheoinvitedhimtocometoliveinParis也许我最喜欢的画是文森特-梵高(1853-1890)的《星夜》。梵高出生于荷兰,一直对艺术很感兴趣,从1883年开始尝试以职业画家的身份生活。他早期的作品是黑暗和悲伤的,所以1886年梵高的哥哥提奥邀请他来巴黎生活。TheohopedthatthebrightcoloursoftheImpressionistmovementtherewouldinfluencehiswork.VanGoghmovedtothesouthofFrancein1888.Laterthatyear,hesufferedamentalcollapseandwenttoliveinahospital.Hemademorethantwentypaintingsoftheviewfromhishospitalwindow,duringalltimesofthedayandallkindsofweather.However,heonlymadeonepaintingofthesceneatnight.AsVanGoghwrotetohisbrotherTheoinJune,1889,“ThismorningIsawthecountrysidefrommywindowalongtimebeforesunrise,withnothingbutthemorningstar,whichlookedverybig.”The"morningstar"VanGoghreferredtowasactuallytheplanetVenus.VanGoghhadlongedtopaintanightscene,andthesightofVenusinspiredhim提奥希望那里的印象派运动的明亮色彩能影响他的作品。1888年,梵高搬到法国南部。同年晚些时候,他精神崩溃,住进了医院。他画了二十多幅画,画的都是医院窗外的景色,在一天中的任何时候,任何天气。然而,他只画了一幅夜景的画。正如梵高在1889年6月写给弟弟提奥的信中所说:"今天早上,我在日出前很久就从窗口看到了乡村,除了晨星,什么都没有,晨星看起来非常大。"梵高所说的"晨星"其实是金星。梵高一直渴望画一幅夜景,而金星的景象给了他灵感.第75页共75页,OntheleftsideofTheStarryNight,thereisalargetreewhichshootsupfromthegroundlikeadarkfire.Itreachesallthewaytothetopofthepainting.Inthebackgroundarerollinghills,withasmallvillageinavalley.Inthecentreofthevillageisawhitechurch.Itstowerpointsupintotheskylikeasharpknife.Hereandthereyoucanseehouseswithwindowsshiningwithyellowlight.Aboveallthisisdarkbluesky.Aquartermoonfillsthetop-rightcornerofthepaintingwithyellow.Venussitslownearthetree.Itburnswithwhitelight.HereandthereintheskyaboveVenusareyellow,orange,andredstars.Aroundthesearelinesofpurepaintindifferentshadesofblue,yellowandwhite.Theyflowoutofcontrol,likeriverrapids.在《星夜》的左侧,有一棵大树,它像一团黑火一样从地面射出。它一直延伸到画的顶端。背景是连绵起伏的群山,山谷里有一个小村庄。村子的中心是一座白色的教堂。它的塔楼像一把尖刀一样指向天空。在这里和那里,你可以看到房屋的窗户闪着黄色的光。在这一切之上,是深蓝色的天空。一轮四分之一的月亮在画的右上角充满了黄色。金星低低地坐在树旁。它燃烧着白色的光。在金星上方的天空中,这里和那里是黄色、橙色和红色的星星。在这些周围是蓝色、黄色和白色不同色调的纯颜料线条。它们不受控制地流动着,就像河流的激流。TheStarryNightisnotarealisticpantingofthesceneVanGoghsawoutofhiswindow.Forexampleinreallifethereisnovillageinthatvalley.However,perhapsthepaintingshowsthedeeperrealityofwhatVanGoghcouldseewithhismind'seye.Thoughthesceneisdarkandquiet,thepaintingisfulloflightandlife.Itgivesusalook,perhaps,intothecomplexmindandgeniusofVanGogh.《星夜》并不是梵高看到的窗外的真实景象。比如在现实生活中,那个山谷里并没有村庄。然而,也许这幅画表现了梵高用他的心灵之眼所能看到的更深层次的现实。虽然画面黑暗而安静,但画中却充满了光明和生命。它也许能让我们一窥梵高复杂的思想和天才。UnitTwoHealthyLifestyle第二单元健康的生活方式Thegreatestwealthishealth.——Virgil健康是最大的财富。ReadingandThinking第75页共75页,HABITSFORAHEALTHYLIFESTYLE健康的生活方式需养成的习惯Asteenagersgrowup,theybecomemoreindependentandstartmakingtheirowndecisions.However,duringthisperiod,itcanbeeasyforsomeofthemtoformbadhabits.Thesebadhabits,ifleftunchecked,couldleadtomoreseriousoneswhentheybecomeadults.Forexample,someofthemmaybecomeinvolvedintobaccooralcoholabuse,whichcanleadtophysicalandmentalhealthproblems.Topreventharmfulhabitslikethesefromdominatingateenager'slifeisessential.Theymustlearntorecognisebadhabitsearlyandmakeappropriatechanges.在成长过程中,青少年会变得越来越独立,并且开始自己做决定。然而,在这一时期,他们中的一部分人容易养成不良习惯。如果任其发展,在他们长大成人后,这些不良习惯可能会导致更为严重的有害习惯。例如,一些青少年可能吸烟成瘾或酗酒,造成身心健康问题。防止此类有害习惯主宰青少年的生活是至关重要的。他们必须学会早早认清不良习惯并作出适当的改变。Tochangebadhabitsisnevereasy,evenwithmanyattempts.ThereisafamoussayingbasedonthephilosophyofAristotle:"Wearewhatwerepeatedlydo."Inmanyways,ourlifestyleisthesumofchoiceswehavemade.Wemakeachoicetodosomething,andthenwerepeatitoverandoveragain.Soonthatchoicebecomesautomaticandformsahabitthatismuchhardertochange.Thegoodnewsisthatwecanchange,ifweunderstandhowhabitswork改变不良习惯从来都不是一件容易的事情,即使你三番五次地尝试。有句基于亚里士多德哲学的名言:“我们反复做的事情造就了我们。”从很多方面看,我们的生活方式是我们所作出的选择的总和。我们选择做某件事,接着我们反反复复地做这件事。不久之后,这项选择就变得自然而然,成为一种更加难以改变的习惯。好消息是,如果我们了解习惯是怎么运作的,我们就可以作出改变。Accordingtomodernpsychology,wemustfirstlearnaboutthe"habitcycle",whichworkslikethis:根据现代心理学,我们必须首先了解“习惯循环”,其工作原理如下:lFirstly,thereisa“cue”,anaction,event,orsituationthatactsasasignaltodosomething.第一是“触发因素”,即一个行动、事件或状况,充当要做某事的讯号。第75页共75页,lSecondly,thereisa"routine",theregularactionyoutakeinresponsetothecue.第二是“惯常行为”,即你响应触发因素而采取的常规行动。lThirdly,thereisthe"reward",thegoodthingorfeelingwegetfromtheroutine.第三是“回报”,即我们从惯常行为中获得的美好事物或感受。Forexample,whenwefeelunhappy(cue),weeatlotsofunhealthysnacks(routine)whichmakesusfeelhappy(reward).Therewardmakesusmuchmorelikelytocontinuethecycle,andthebadhabitofrelyingonunhealthysnacksisformed例如,当我们感到不高兴时(触发因素),我们会吃很多不健康零食(惯常行为),这让我们感到快乐(回报)。这一回报使我们更有可能继续这一循环,从而形成了依赖不健康零食这不良习惯Tofacilitateapositivechangeinourbadhabits,wemustfirstexamineourbadhabitcyclesandthentryadaptthem.Wecandothisbycombiningtheinformationfromourhabitcycleswithourownpositiveideas.Forexample,wecouldtrytoreplaceanegativeroutinewithsomethingmorepositive.So,whenwefeelunhappyagain(cue),ratherthaneatsnacks,wecouldlistentosomeofourfavouritemusicinstead(routine)whichwillmakeusfeelrelaxed(reward).Asidefromchangingbadhabits,wecanalsousethehabitcycletocreategoodhabits.Forexample,whenwecometoanescalator(cue),ournormalroutineistorideit,butwecouldchangethisroutineintosomethingmorepositivebytakingthestairsinstead.为了促进我们不良习惯的积极改变,我们必须首先审视我们的不良习惯循环,然后尝试去改变它们。为了做到这一点,我们可以把来自我们不良习惯循环的信息与我们自己的积极想法结合起来。例如,我们可以试着将一个消极的惯常行为替换为一个更积极的东西。因此,当我们再次感到不高兴时(触发因素),我们可以听几首自己最喜爱的音乐(惯常行为),而不是吃零食,这会使我们感到放松(回报)。除了改变不良习惯之外,我们还可以利用习惯循环来养成良好的习惯。例如,当我们走到电梯前的时候(触发因素),我们的惯常行为是乘坐电梯,但是我们可以改为走楼梯,从而将上述惯常行为改变为一个更积极的事情。Manyofustrytochangebadhabitsquickly,andifwearenotsuccessfulstraightawayweoftenbecomepessimisticandgiveup.Infact,themostsuccessfulwaytochangeisnotsuddenly,butoveraperiodoftime.AstheChinesephilosopherLaoZiwrote,“Ajourneyofathousandmilesbeginswithasinglestep.”Onestepseems第75页共75页,small,butitisessential.Toreachthegoalofchange,apersonmustshowsomedisciplineandrepeatedlytakemanysmallsteps.Afterall,itisnoteasytobreakbadhabits我们中很多人试图迅速改变不良习惯,一旦没有立刻成功,我们往往变得悲观,继而放弃。事实上,改变不良习惯的最佳方法不是一蹴而就,而是需要一段时间。正如中国哲学家老子所说:“千里之行,始于足下。”一步似乎很小,却至关重要。为了实现改变这一目标,一个人必须展示出一定程度的自制力,不断地出许多小步。毕竟,戒除不良习惯并非易事。Foryoungpeople,thereisplentyoftimetochangebadhabits.However,thereisno“magicpill”ordeletebuttonthatwillhelpyou;youhavetothinkaboutyourbadhabitsanddecideonsomechanges.Youhavethepowertobuildahappyandhealthylifefullofgoodhabits!对年轻人来说,有大量的时间可以改变不良习惯。然而,能帮助你的“魔力丸”或删除键并不存在;你必须思考自己的不良习惯,选定一些作出改变。你有能力构建一种充满良好习惯的快乐、健康的生活!UsingLanguageWritealettertotheeditoraboutyourlifestyle.DearEditor尊敬的编辑AfterIattendedyoursummercampabouthealthandlifestylechoices,IrealisedIhardlyeverfeltwell,eitherphysicallyormentallyoftenfeltsleepyanddizzy,andlackedpassion.Mostworrying,though,Igottheflueasilyandexperiencedmanytoothaches,too参加了你们举办的有关健康和生活方式选择的夏令营之后,我意识到我几乎从来没有感觉好过,无论在身体上还是心理上。我经常感到昏昏欲睡和头晕目眩。不过最令人担忧的是,我很容易得流感,而且经常牙痛AttheendofthecampIheard,"Changetheworldbychangingyourself."Thisstimulatedmymotivation.Adentistonceexaminedmeandtoldmethattoomuchsugarinmymealshaddamagedmyteethandhealth.Imadeupmymindtochangetwothingsinmylife:toeatnothingwithsugarandtoexerciseregularly在夏令营尾声,我听到“改变世界,从改变自己做起”这句话,这激发了我的动力。有次,牙医给我做检查时告诉我,我的三餐摄入了过量糖分,损害了我的牙齿和健康。我下定决心改变我生活中的两件事:不吃含糖的任何东西,定期锻炼身体。第75页共75页,AfterthatIstoppedbuyingallthesweets,biscuits,andsugarydrinksthatIusedtohaveeveryday.WheneverIwentoutwithfriends,broughtsnacksfromhome,thingsthatdidn’thaveanyaddedsugar:fruit,nuts,driedmeat,etc.此后,我不再买我过去每天都要吃的糖果、饼干和含糖饮料。每次和朋友们出去时,我都会从家里带零食,也就是没有添加任何糖分的东西:水果、坚果、肉干等。Myexercisewasverysimple:Iwentoutsideeverydayforatleast30minutesanddidsomethingactive.SometimesIplayedtabletennisorbadmintonwithmycousins.OthertimesIjumpedonmyskateboardandrodearoundmyneighbourhood,orjusttookalongwalk我的锻炼很简单:我每天在室外积极活动至少30分钟。有时,我会和堂(表)亲打乒乓球或羽毛球;有时,我会跳上滑板,在街区滑行,或是长时间散步。Theresultshavebeenfantastic.Ifeelmoredynamicandstrongerthanever,inbothbodyandmind.Isleepsoundlyatnightnow.Inolongersufferfromafluvirusortoothacheseither.Bestofall,inmyopinion,ishowIfeelaboutmyself.IfeellikeI'mincontrolofmyownlife.Tomakechoicesaboutmyselfiswithinmyownpower.ICANchangemyself.Ijustneedtotry.结果棒极了。在身心上,我感觉比以往任何时候都更有活力、更加强壮。现在,夜里我能酣然入睡。我也不再受流感病毒或牙痛的折磨。我认为,最棒的是我对自己的感觉。我感到我能掌控自己的生活。为自己作出选择是我力所能及的。我能够改变自己。我只需去尝试。Yourstruly,此致敬礼!WangLu王璐DearEditor尊敬的编辑:AsItookpartinthesummercampaboutpersonallifechoices,Istartedtoanalysemychoices,especiallywhatIdidtorelaxandhowitwasaffectingmywholelife.第75页共75页,自从参加了有关个人生活选择的夏令营后,我开始分析自己的选择,尤其是我做了些什么来放松自己,以及它是如何影响我的整个生活的。Afterstartinghighschool,Ifeltstressedoutandalwaysrelaxedbyplayingcomputergames.IgotsoabsorbedthatIplayedthegamesdayandnight.Playingwasfun,butIfeltevenmorewornoutafterwards!Soafterthecamp,Irealisedthatitwasvery,veryimportanttoadjustmylifestyle.Idecidedtotakecontrolofmylifeandfindotherwaystorelax.高中开始后,我感到压力重重,总是通过玩电脑游戏来放松自己。我十分着迷,没日没夜地打游戏。打游戏很好玩,但过后我却感到更加疲惫不堪!因此,夏令营之后,我意识到调整自己的生活方式是非常重要的。我决定掌控自己的生活,寻找其他的放松方式。ItwasabigstrugglenottojoinmyfriendsinplayingonlinegamesasI'mmadforthem.However,Irealisedthattosucceedinquitting,Ihadtoreplaceitwithsomethingelse.SoIthoughtaboutwhattotry.Rockclimbing,bowling,watchingcomedies,andplayingbasketballwerethethingsIthoughtofdoinginstead.不和我的朋友们一起玩网络游戏是一件十分困难的事情,因为我痴迷其中。不过我意识到要想成功戒瘾,我必须用别的东西来取代它。于是,我思考该尝试些什么。攀岩、打保龄球、看喜剧片、打篮球都是我考虑过的取而代之的事情。NowmydadandIgorockclimbingtogethermonthly!Ithasenhancedthequalityofmylife,improvingmyhealthandincreasingmyhappiness.Igetrefreshedthroughclimbing,spendmoretimewithmydad,andgettomeetnewfriends.现在,爸爸每个月与我结伴去攀岩。这改善了我的健康,增加了我的幸福感,(从而)提高了我的生活品质。禁岩使我精神焕发,与爸爸共度了更多的时光,而且结交了新的朋友。Aftersixmonthsoftryingoutnewwaysofrelaxing,Ifeelmuchmoreenergetic.IfeelthatIcanchangemyselfforthebetter.Andifthat'strueforme,thenitmighttrulybepossibletochangetheworldforthebetter.AsGandhisaid“Bethechangeyouwanttoseeintheworld.”尝试新的放松方式六个月后,我感到精力充沛多了。我感觉我可以让自己变得更好。如果这对我来说是真的,那么也许真的有可能让世界变得更加美好。正如甘地所说:“欲变世界,先变其身。”第75页共75页,Sincerely,此致敬礼!GeorgeFielding乔治・菲尔丁ReadingandWritingMYEXPERIENCESWITHCOMPUTERGAMES我的电脑游戏经历IclearlyrememberthefirsttimeIplayedacomputergame.Iwassevenyearsold.Myfriendhadgottenacomputerforhisbirthday.Heinvitedmetoplayagame,whichwasverysimplebytoday’sstandards,butwelovedit!Weplayedforhours.Wewouldmeetafterschooleverydaytoplayit.Myaddictiontocomputergamesstartedthen.Notlongafterthat,myfriendmovedtothecity.Imissedhim,butgotmyowncomputerandbeganplayingbymyself我清楚地记得我第一次玩电脑游戏的情景。那时我七岁。我的朋友在生日时得到了一台电脑。他邀请我玩一个游戏,以今天的标准来看,这个游戏非常简单,但我们很喜欢!我们玩了几个小时。我们每天放学后都会聚在一起玩。我对电脑游戏的瘾就是从那时开始的。不久之后,我的朋友搬到了城里。我很想他,但我有了自己的电脑,开始自己玩。Overtheyears,computergamesdevelopedrapidly.Technologyimproved,andtherewerealwaysnewandbettergamestoplay.YoucouldthenplaygamesovertheInternetwithpeoplefromalovertheworld,usingeithercomputersorsmartphones.Theonlinegameswerefascinatinganditwasalwaysexcitingtoplay.多年来,电脑游戏发展迅速。技术进步了,总是有新的更好的游戏可以玩。那时,你可以通过互联网与来自世界各地的人一起玩游戏,使用电脑或智能手机。网上的游戏很吸引人,玩起来总是很刺激。Atfirst,IplayedgamesovertheInternetafterIhaddonemyhomeworkandeatendinner.ThenIstartedplayingassoonasIgothomeeachday,Myparentsstoppedme,soIstartedplayingitinthemiddleofthenight.I第75页共75页,wenttoschoolandoftenfellasleepinclass.MyteacherwouldscoldmebutIwouldoftendothesamethingthenextday!Shortlyafterthat,Ibegantoskipmealsandplaythroughthenight.Myparentsfoundoutandtookawaymycomputerandsmartphone.IknewIhadgonetoofar.Myloveofcomputergameshadbecomeanaddiction.Itwasaffectingmyschoolworkandmyhealth,andIfeltquitedepressed起初,我是在做完作业和吃完饭后才在网上玩游戏。后来,我每天一回家就开始玩,爸爸妈妈阻止了我,于是我就在半夜开始玩。我去上学,经常在课堂上睡着了。老师会责骂我,但第二天我还是这样做同样的事情!在那之后不久,我开始不吃饭,整晚玩游戏。!父母发现后,把我的电脑和智能手机都拿走了。我知道自己做得太过分了。我对电脑游戏的热爱已经成瘾。影响了我的功课和健康,我觉得很沮丧.ThenonedayIbumpedintomyfriendagain!Hehadmovedbacktoourhometown.Wehadn'tseeneachotherforages.Helookedhappyandhealthy.Wetalkedaboutthepastandthegoodtimeswehad,playingthatoldgame.Hestillplayedcomputergames,buthealsodidmanyotherthings.Heinvitedmetoplaybasketballwithsomefriends.Igottiredquickly,butIlovedit!Afterwards,weplayedaboardgame.Welaughedandtalkedandplayedforhours.Itwasverysociableandgreatfun.Playinggameswithmyfriendsinreallifewasmuchmoreenjoyablethandoingsoonline.后来有一天,我又碰到了我的朋友!他已经搬回了我们的家乡。我们已经很久没有见面了。他看起来很开心,很健康。我们聊起了过去,聊起了我们的美好时光,玩起了那个老游戏。他还是玩电脑游戏,但他也做了很多其他的事情。他邀请我和一些朋友打篮球。我很快就累了,但我很喜欢。之后,我们玩了一个棋牌游戏。我们笑着说话,玩了好几个小时。这是一个非常有趣的社交活动。在现实生活中和我的朋友玩游戏比在网上玩游戏更有趣。ComputergamesaregreatfunandIstillplaythemsometimes.Newtechnologyismakingmoreamazingthingspossible.I'velearntthatsomegamescaneventeachustotrainourbrainstosolveproblems.However,gamescanalsobeaddictive,sobalanceisimportantforahealthylifestyle.Wecanspoilgoodthingsbydoingthemtoomuch.NowIenjoyplayinggamesevenmorebecauseIamabletomaintainagoodbalancebetweenworkandplay.电脑游戏非常有趣,我有时还是会玩。新技术让更多神奇的事情成为可能。我了解到,有些游戏甚至可以教我们训练大脑解决问题。然而,游戏也会让人上瘾,所以平衡对于健康的生活方式很重要。我们会因为做得太多而破坏了美好的事物。现在我更喜欢玩游戏,因为我能够在工作和游戏之间保持良好的平衡。第75页共75页,Unit3ENVIROMENTALPROTECTIONEarthprovidesenoughtosatisfyeveryman’sneeds,butnoteveryman’sgreed.----MohandasK.Gandhi.地球能满足人类的需要,但满足不了人类的贪婪。ReadingandThinkingCLIMATECHANGEREQUIRESTHEWORLD'SATTENTION气候变化需要全世界的共同关注Wehaveknownaboutclimatechangefordecades.ThereislittledoubtthatEarthisgettingwarmerandwarmer(seethegraph).Awarmingoceanandatmospherealongwithmeltingiceandrisingsealevelsprovideevidenceofadramaticchangeintheglobalclimate.我们了解气候变化已经有几十年了。毫无疑问,地球是在变得越来越暖(见表)。海洋和气候变暖以及冰的融化和海平面的上升为全球气候的剧烈变化提供了证据。In2013,alotofpeoplewereshockedbyanewsphotoofadeadpolarbearthatwasfoundonNorway’sArcticislandofSvalbard.Accordingtothescientistswhofounditsdeadbody,allthatremainedofthepolarbearwas"skinandbones".Anexpertwhohasstudiedpolarbearsformanyyearssaidthatfromthepositionofitsdeadbody,thebearappearedtohavestarvedanddied.Expertsclaimedthatlowsea-icelevelscausedbyclimatechangemeantthatthebearcouldnothuntsealsasbefore,soithadtotravelgreaterdistancesinordertofindfood.ThisalarmingcaseshowedhowtheincreaseintemperaturehadanimpactonEarth’secology.2013年,一张关于那威北极岛的斯瓦尔巴群岛上发现一只北极熊死亡的新闻照片,震惊了很多人。根据发现北极熊尸体的科学家的说法,北极熊只剩下“皮肤和骨头”。一位研究北极熊多年的专家说,从北极熊尸体的位置看,北极熊似乎饿死了。专家声称,由于气候变化导致海冰面积下降,这只熊无法像以前那样捕猎海豹,因此它不得不走很远的距离才能找到食物。这个令人震惊的案例表明,温度升高如何影响地球的生态。第75页共75页,Thenwhatiscausingtheincreaseintheglobalaveragesurfacetemperature?Climatescientistsoftenmentionakeyclimateprocesscalledthe"greenhouseeffect"whichhastwocommonmeanings:the"naturalgreenhouseeffectandthe"man-madegreenhouseeffect.The"natural"greenhouseeffectreferstothefactthatheatfromthesunenterstheatmosphereandwarmsEarth'ssurfaceasshort-waveradiation.Theheatisreleasedbackintospaceatlongerwavelengths.Greenhousegasesintheatmosphere,suchasmethaneandcarbondioxide,trapsomeoftheheat,keepingEarth'sclimatewarmandhabitable.Withoutthisprocess,Earthcouldnotsustainlife.However,the"man-madegreenhouseeffect"hasnowbecomeabigproblem.Whenpeopleproducehugeamountsofextragreenhousegasesbyburningfossilfuels,moreheatenergyistrappedintheatmosphereandcausesEarth'ssurfacetemperaturetorise.那么,是什么导致全球平均表面温度上升?气候科学家经常提到一个称为“温室效应”的重要气候过程,它有两个普遍的含义:“自然”温室效应和“人造”温室效应。“自然”温室效应是指太阳的热量进入大气层,并以短波辐射的形式使地球表面变暖。热量以更长的波长释放回太空。大气层中的温室气体(如甲烷和二氧化碳)吸收了部分热量,使地球的气候温暖宜居。没有这个过程,地球将无法维持生命。然而,“人造”温室效应现在已成为一个大问题。当人们燃烧化石燃料产生大量额外的温室气体时,更多的热量被困在大气层中,从而引起地球表面温度迅速上升。Thereisstrongandcomprehensiveevidencethattheriseintemperaturehasledtoanincreaseinextremeweatherandnaturaldisastersworldwide,notonlycausingseriousdamage,butalsocostinghumanlives.Climatescientistshavewarnedthatifwedonottakeappropriateactions,thiswarmingtrendwillprobablycontinueandtherewillbeahigherpricetopay.Infact,newsreportsarefrequentlybroadcastaboutextremerainstormsandheatwavescausingdeathsandeconomiclosses。有充分而全面的证据表明,温度升高导致全世界范围内极端天气和自然灾害增加,不仅造成了严重的破坏,而且还造成了人员伤亡。气候科学家警告说,如果我们不采取适当的行动,这种变暖趋势可能会持续下去,并且需要付出更高的代价。事实上,新闻报道经常播出极端暴雨和热浪造成死亡和经济损失。Continuedgreenhousegasemissionswillresultinfurtherwarmingandlong-lastingchangestotheglobalclimate.Thisrequirestheattentionofpeopleallovertheworld.Governmentsneedtoconsidermakingpoliciesandtakingappropriateactionsandmeasurestoreducegreenhousegasemissions.Weasindividualscanalso第75页共75页,reduceour"carbonfootprint"byrestrictingtheamountofcarbondioxideourlifestylesproduce.Itisourresponsibilitytoseizeeveryopportunitytoeducateeveryoneaboutglobalwarming,alongwithitscausesandimpacts,becausethisisthemostseriousissueaffectingallofusonthisplanet.Sowhatwillyoudotohelp?持续的温室气体排放将导致全球气候进一步变暖和持久变化。这需要全世界人民的关注。政府需要考虑制定政策,采取适当的行动和措施以少温室气体排放。我们个人也可以通过限制生活方式产生的二氧化碳量来减少“碳足迹”。抓住每一个机会,对所有人进行全球变暖及其成因和影响的教育,这是我们的责任,因为这是影响我们地球上所有人最严重的问题。那你会怎么做?REDUCINGWATERPOLLUTIONINTHELIRIVER减少漓江的水污染ThebeautifulLiRiveranditsamazingsurroundingsceneryisoneofthemostwell-knowntouristdestinationsinChinasGuangxiZhuangAutonomousRegion.Itattractsmillionsofdomesticandforeignvisitorseachyear.However,itsreputationasatopdestinationhashadnegativeeffectsontheriver'swaterquality.Thisreportlooksattheproblemofwaterpollutionandsomeactionsthathavebeentakentodealwithit.美丽的漓江及其迷人的风景是中西壮族自治区最著名的旅游胜地之一。它每年吸引数百万的国内外游客。然而,它作为顶级旅游胜地的声誉对河流的水质产生了负面影响。这份报告着眼于水污染问题以及为解决这个间题而采取的一些行动。Previously,waterqualityintheLiRiverhadsufferedgreatlyfromanincreasingvolumeoftourists,manyofwhomfrequentlythrewgarbageintotheriver.Manytourboatscontributedtotheproblemtoo.Kitchensonboardwereusinglotsofoil.whichwasoftenthrownintothewater.Thegrowthintourismalsomeantthelocalpopulationroserapidly,aswellasthenumberofcommercialandindustrialenterprises.Waterpollutionlevelsincreased,withmorehouseholdandcommercialwasteendingupintheriver.Inordertofeedmorepeople,morechemicalswereusedtoincreasecropproduction.Thesechemicalsledtoseverewaterqualityissues,causingadecreaseinthenumberoffishspecies.Localofficialswereconcernedthatthepollutionwasdamagingthenaturalenvironmentandfeltthaturgentstepsshouldbetakentorestoretheriversoriginalbeauty第75页共75页,以往,漓江的水质因游客量的增长遭到了严重破坏,一些游客频繁将垃圾扔进江中。许多旅游船也导致了这个问题。船上的厨房用了大量的油,这些油经常被扔入水中。旅游业的增长也意味着当地人口以及商业和工业企业的数量迅速増加。水污染水平上升,更多的家庭和商业废物最终流入河中。为了养活更多的人,使用了更多的化学药品来增加农作物的产量。这些化学物质导致严重的水质问题,导致鱼类种类减少。当地官员担心污染正在破坏自然环境,并认为应采取紧急措施恢复河流的原始美景。Acomprehensiveinitiativewasstarted,withanumberofmeasuresthataddressedtheissues.Theconstructionofwastewatertreatmentfacilitiesimprovedthewaterqualityandwaterconservation.Thecollectionandtransportofhouseholdwastewasalsoimproved.Dozensofpollutingenterpriseswereclosedormoved.Thelocalgovernmentsetupstrictregulationsregardingfurtherindustrialdevelopment.Newruleswerealsointroducedregardingtourboatroutesandgarbagedisposalmethods.Furthermore,thelocalauthoritiesbegantousethemediatospreadenvironmentalawarenessandencouragegreateruseofcleanenergy.Atthesametime,theystartedtocarryoutinspectionsregularlyandfinetouristorganisationsforabuses.Withthesemeasures,itisbelievedthatthebeautyoftheLiRiverwillbepreservedforgenerationstocome一项全面倡议启动了,采取了若干措施解这些问题。污水处理设施的建设改善了水质,节约了用水。生活垃圾的收集和运输也得到了改善。数十家污染企业被关闭或搬迁。地方政府对进一步发展工业制定了严格的规定。有关旅游船路线和垃圾处理方法的新规定也已出台。此外,地方当局开始利用媒体宣传环境意识,鼓励更多地使用清洁能源。同时,他们开始定期进行检查,并对旅游组织的陋习进行罚款。相信通过这些措施,漓江之美将得以世代相传。Inaddition,theambitious"WaterTenPlan"isalsonowtacklingwaterpollutionacrossthecountry.Otherinitiatives,suchasthe"RiverChiefSystem",holdseniorofficialsresponsibleforreducingwaterpollution.Withsuchcampaignsineffect,Chinaswaterwaysareheadingtowardsacleanandsustainablefuture另外,“水十条”的宏伟规划则是为了治理整个国家的水污染问题。例如“河长制”这样的举措让高级官员承担起减少水污染的职。随着这些行动(的展开),中国的水资源正朝着洁净的、可持续发展的未来迈进。ReadingandWritingSMALLWASTE,BIGPROBLEM小垃圾,大问题Manyofusmightnotgiveasecondthoughttodroppingasmallpieceoflitter.Afterallitissosmall,it第75页共75页,cannotpossiblybethatharmful,canit?Intoday’sworld,theansweriscertainly"Yesitcan!Withthegrowinguseofplasticbagsandtherisingnumberofsmokers,thereismorelitterbeingproducedthaneverbefore.我们很多人可能都不会去考虑掉一小块垃圾。毕竟它这么小,不可能有那么大的危害吧?在当今世界,答案当然是"是的,有!"。随着塑料袋的使用和吸烟者的增加,产生的垃圾比以往任何时候都多。Althoughcigarettebuttsaresmall,theyarebadfortheenvironment.Worldwide,about4.3trillioncigarettebuttsarelitteredeveryyear.Aswellasspoilingthebeautyoftheenvironment,theycontaintoxicchemicals.Thesefindtheirwayintothewatersupplywheretheyaffectwaterqualityandendangerplantsandanimals.Cigarettebuttscantakeupto25yearstobreakdown,andthetoxicchemicalsadduptoalargeamountwithsomanylittered.So,ifpeoplewanttosmoketheyshoulddisposeofthebuttsproperlyinarubbishbin.烟头虽小,却对环境有害。全世界每年约有4.3万亿个烟头被乱扔。除了破坏环境的美丽,它们还含有有毒的化学物质。这些物质会进入水源,影响水质,危害动植物。烟头需要长达25年的时间才能分解,而有毒的化学物质会随着这么多烟头的乱扔而大量增加。所以,如果人们想吸烟,应该把烟蒂妥善地丢弃在垃圾箱里。Plasticbagsareanothercommonformoflitterthatisdangeroustotheenvironment.Theyareeasilyblownbywindandfloatinwater,sotheycantravellongdistances.Theyfindtheirwaytorivers,parks,beachesandoceans,killingmanybirds,mammals,fish,andseaanimalseachyearworldwide.Theycanlastforhundredsofyearsintheenvironment.Weshouldnotletplasticbagsbecomelitter.Weshouldusefewerplasticbags,andreuseandrecyclewhatwehavealreadyused.塑料袋是另一种常见的对环境有危害的垃圾。它们很容易被风吹动,漂浮在水面上,所以它们可以长途跋涉。它们进入河流、公园、海滩和海洋,每年在世界各地杀死许多鸟类、哺乳动物、鱼类和海洋动物。它们可以在环境中持续数百年。我们不应该让塑料袋成为垃圾。我们应该减少使用塑料袋,并将已经使用过的塑料袋再利用和回收。Onewaytoreducetheuseofplasticbagsistochargeforthem.Shopsusedtogiveplasticbagsforfree.Butinsomecountries,includingChina,customersarenowchargedforeachbag.Someshopsalsohavea"bag-for-life"scheme.Theysellstrongerbagsthatcanbereused,andtheyreplacethemforfreeifthebagseverbreak.第75页共75页,减少使用塑料袋的方法之一是收费。以前商店都会免费赠送塑料袋。但在包括中国在内的一些国家,现在却要向顾客收取每个袋子的费用。有些商店还实行"可重复使用的环保购物袋"计划。他们出售可以重复使用的更结实的袋子,如果袋子破损,他们会免费更换。Wasteisabigproblemfortheenvironment,soweneedtodosomething.Notlitteringatallorcleaningup"smallwaste"savesmoneyspentondisposingoflitterproperly.However,itwouldbebetternottosmokeoruseplasticbagsatall。垃圾是环境的一个大问题,所以我们需要做点什么。完全不乱扔垃圾或清理"小垃圾",可以节省用于妥善处理垃圾的费用。但是,最好不要吸烟或使用塑料袋。Unit4ADVERSITYANDCOURAGEGreatworksareperformednotbystrength,butperseverance.----SamuelJohnson业成于百折不挠,不论力量大小。——塞缪尔·约翰逊。ReadingandThinkingASUCCESSFULFAILURE一次成功的失败经历PerceBlackborowjoinedanexpeditionwithSirErnestShackletontoAntarcticaontheshipEndurancein1914.Shackletonwasoneofthemostfamousexplorersofhisdayanditwasconsideredagreathonourtobepartofhisexpeditions.BelowaresomeofBlackborow'sdiaryentries.珀西布菜克博罗于1914年加入欧内斯特沙克尔顿爵的“坚忍”号轮船南极探险之旅。沙克尔顿是他那个时代最负盛名的探险家,加入他的探险活动被认为是一种巨大的荣耀。下面是布菜克博罗的一些日记。31October,19141914年10月31日…Well,itsohappenedthatonemorningIboughtanewspaperandreadtheadvertisementabouttheAntarcticexpedition.第75页共75页,…好吧,碰巧有一天早上我买了份报纸,看了一则关于南极探险队的广告。AnexpeditiontotheSouthPolewiththegreatSirErnestShackleton—thisistheadventurethatIhavebeendreamingof.AndIwasreadyforit.Attheageof19,Iamfitandfullofvigour.However,whenIappliedtojointheexpeditionShackletonturnedmedownbecausehethoughtIwastooyoungandwasn’tqualified.ButIwassoenthusiasticabouttheideaofgoingalongwiththemthatIsecretlywentaboardhisship,theEndurance,andhidinasmallcupboard.Unfortunately,threedaysafterwesetoffIwasdiscovered.Shackletondidnotwanttoturnbacksoheofferedmeajob,butonlyafterhepromisedme,Ifanyonehastobeeaten,thenyouwillbethefirst!Heassignedmetobeasteward,andInowservemealsfortwenty-eightmen,threetimesaday.同伟大的欧内斯特沙克尔顿爵士去南极探险——这是我梦寐以求的冒险。我已经准备好了。19岁的时候,我身体健康而且精力充沛。然而,当我申请加入探险队时,沙克尔顿拒绝了我,因为他认为我太年轻,不合格。但我对与他们同行的想法非常感兴趣,于是我偷偷地上了“坚忍”号轮船,在一个小橱里。不幸的是,我们出发三天后,我被发现了。沙克尔顿不想回头,所以他给我提供了一份工作,但他保证,“如果有人要被吃掉,那你就是第一个!”他让我当一名伙计,我现在做28个人一天三顿的饭菜。HoweveryonewillenvymewhenIcomebackandtellthemabouttheamazinglacesIhavebeento.当我回来告诉他们我去过的神奇的地方时,大家好该会多么羨慕我啊!21Nov19151915年11月21日Thejourneyhasnotbeeneasy.EndurancebecamestuckintheiceasweapproachedAntarctica.Theicefrozearoundusandwewerewellandtrulystuck!Wesawtheshipgetcrushedbytheice.Andwhentheshipsank,ourheartssankwithit.这段路程并不轻松。正当我们接近南极时,“坚忍”号被海土的浮冰卡住了。周围的冰都冻结了,我们千真万确地被困住了!我们看到船被冰挤坏了。当船沉没时,我们的心也随之沉没Beforeweabandonedtheship,Shackletoncalmlycalledustogetherandtoldustorescueourmostessentialsupplies—thesmallboats,ourfood,thecookstovecandles,clothes,andblankets.Thiswasnotimetopanic.Wewerenotallowedtotakemostofourpersonalbelongings,andShackletonhimselfthrewawayallhis第75页共75页,gold.Buttooursurprise,heallowedHusseytokeephisbanjo.Husseyoftenplaysittokeepourspiritsup.在我们弃船之前,沙克尔顿镇静地把我们召集在一起,告诉我们要抢出我们最基本的给养——小船、食物、炉子、蜡烛、衣服和毯子。现在不是恐慌的时候。我们不准带走大部分私人物品,沙克尔顿自己也扔掉了所有的金子。但令我们感到惊讶的是,他让赫西留着他的班卓琴。赫西经常弹班卓琴来保持我们的精神振奋。Wearenowcampedontheiceandwehavebeenmanagingtosurvive,butspringiscoming,andtheicewillsoonbegintomelt.我们现在在冰上扎营,我们一直在设法生存,但春天来了,冰很快就会开始融化。20May,19161916年5月20日Wehavebeenstrugglingfordays,butthingsonElephantIslandaregoingfrombadtoworse.Wearenowcrowdedtogetherunderoneofourboatsontherockshoreofthismiserableplace.Soonafterwearrived,ShackletonleftustofindhelponSouthGeorgiaIsland,1,320kilometresaway—thevoyagewastoodangerousanddifficultforallofustomakeitinoursmallboats.IfShackletonfails,willwehaveanyhopeofrescue?No.NonavyintheworldeverstopsatElephantIslandandnooneelseknowsthatwearehere.我们已经苦苦挣扎了好几天,但是大象岛上的情况越来越糟。我们现在挤在一条船上,在这个悲惨的地方的岩石海岸上。我们到达后不久,沙克尔顿就离开我们,去1320公里外的南乔治亚求援,这趟航程太危险和困难了我们所有人都无法乘小船上路。如果沙克尔顿失败,我们是否有营救的希望吗?不,世界上没有任何海军在大象岛停留过,也没有人知道我们在这里。Ifeellow.It'scoldandwindy.Theislandhasnoplants.Sometimesweareabletocatchasealorapenguintoeat.Otherwise,thereisnofood.Itrytothinkofhappierthings:decentfood,warmanddryclothes,acosybedroom,sunnydays,andmymother’sface.However,thesehappymemoriesaresooninterruptedbyasuddencoldrushofair.第75页共75页,我感到情绪低落。寒冷多风,岛上没有植物。有时我们能抓住海豹或企鹅来吃。否则,就没有食物了。我尝试着想一些更快乐的事情:体面的食物暖和的衣服、舒适的卧室、阳光明媚的日子以及妈妈的脸…然而,这些美好的回忆很快就被突如其来的冷风打断了。Ishouted.“Shutthedoor.”我大喊:“关上门!“Holdonnow,Perce.Don'tyougoturningintoanotherTom,”camethereply.“We'vecaughtanotherpenguin,soit'spenguinsouptonight!”“要坚持住啊,珀西。你可不要变成另一个汤姆。”传来一声回答,“我们又抓了一只企鹅,所以今晚是企鹅汤!”BlessFrankWild,thekindestmanthereisafterourleader,ErnestShackleton.HowcouldIbecomeasselfishandbad-temperedasThomasOrde-lees!保佑弗兰克・怀尔德,我们的领袖欧内斯特・沙克尔顿之外最善良的人。我怎么能变得像托马斯・奥德・里斯一样自私又脾气暴躁!WithoutFrankandErnest,we’dallbedeadbynow.Theirgenuineconcernforothers,theirperseverance,andtheirresolvefillmewithhope.如果没有弗兰克和欧内斯特,我们现在都已经死了。他们对他人的真诚关心,他们的毅力和决心使我充满希望。Perhapsthereisachancewewillreturnhome,afterall毕竟,我们内部也许还是有机会回家的。UsingLanguageTHEREWARDFORPERSEVERANCE锲而不舍的回报WewatchedasShackletonandtheboatsailedawayfromElephantIsland.Itwaseasytoimaginethedangeraheadofthem.Wouldtheyeverreturntofindus?Whatmighthappentothem?Whatiftheyweredelayed?Wefellsoaloneanddesperate.Butitwasnotforlong.Therewasnothinglikeagooddinnerandsomemusictocheerusup.第75页共75页,我们看着沙克尔顿和小船驶离大象岛。很容易想象他们将面临的危险。他们会回来找我们吗?他们可能会发生什么?如果他们被耽搁了怎么办?我们感到如此孤独和绝望。不过,这并没有持续很长时间。没有什么比得上一顿好饭和一点儿音乐能让我们振作起来了。Lifefellintoaregularpattern.Stayingalivetookallourtimeandenergy.Forexample,weneededwater,andElephantIslandhadnone.Wefoundthatwecouldmelticefromtheoceananddrinkthewaterfromit.Buthowcouldwemakefire?TherewerenotreesgrowingonAntarcticaandnooil,sotheonlyfuelwecouldusewasanimalfat.Thisgaveoffoily,blacksmoke,butitstayedburningeveninstrongwinds.生活转入了常规。活下去耗费了我们所有的时间和精力。例如:我们需要水,而大象岛没有水。我们发现我们可以融化海洋中的冰块并饮用其中的水。但我们怎么生火呢?南极地区不长树,也没有油料,所以唯一可供我们用作燃料的便是动物脂肪。燃烧脂肪会产生油膩的黑烟,但它即使在强风中也能燃烧。Foodwasalsoaproblem,aswedidnotfindanyvegetablesorfruitontheisland.Oneofourgroupmembers,LionelGreenstreet,notedinhisdiaryabouthowboredhewaswiththemeals:"Thefoodnowisprettywellallmeatofseacreatures.Ifitweren’tforseaanimals,wewouldallstarve.Asachef.itwasmydutytocook,soItriedtovarythemealsinwhateverwayIcould.Butitwasdifficult.食物也是个问题,因为我们在岛上没有找到蔬菜和水果。我们小组的一员,菜昂内尔・格林斯特里特在日记中提到他对菜是何其厌烦:“现在食物全是海洋生物的肉。”如果不是海洋动物,我们都会挨。作为厨师,做饭是我的职责,所以我想方设法去变化伙食的花样。但这可真不容易。Wehadtobecarefulnottogooutsidetoooften,asthechangingtemperaturescouldmakeusill.Itwasalmostasdangeroustobecometoohotfromwearingtoomanyclothesastobecometoocoldfromwearingtoofew.Thesweatcouldfreezeveryquickly.Manyofusalsobecameillfromtheblacksmokeoftheanimalfatweburntforourfires.Itdamagedoureyesandburntourlungs.我们必须小心,不要经常出门,因为变幻的温度可能会使我们生病。穿衣服太多而太热同穿得太少而变冷差不多一样危险。汗水可能很快就会结成冰。我们中的许多人还因为燃烧动物脂肪产生的黑烟而生病。它伤了我们的眼睛,烧伤了我们的肺。Thetwenty-twoofuslivedlikethisinthecoldforfourmonths.Ourdisciplineandteamspiritkeptus第75页共75页,optimisticandhelpedusdealwithourfearsinapositiveandsuccessfulway.Wealsocelebratedourbirthdays,festivals,andeventhetimeswhenwecaughtaseaanimal.ThiswasanepisodeinmylifethatIwouldneverforget.我们22个人就这样在寒冷中生活了四个月。我们的纪律和团队合作精神使我们保持乐观,并帮助我们以积极的态度成功地克服了恐惧。我们还庆祝生日、庆祝节日,甚至捕获到一只海洋动物也庆祝一番。这是我一生中永远不会忘记的一段插曲。Whenwewerefinallyrescued,wefeltsuchreliefandjoythatmanyofuscouldnothideourtears.Wewereatlastfreetogohometowarmbeds,goodfoodandthecareofourfamilyandfriends.OuroptimismandfaithinShackletonladhelpeduspersevereinstayingalive.Andhepaidusbackbyhiscommitmenttosaveusfromaslowbutpainfuldeath.当我们最终获救时,我们长长得松了口气,欣喜不已,许多人忍不住流下了眼泪。我们终于可以自由地回家,躺在温暖的床上,品尝可口的食物,享受家庭和朋友的关爱了。乐观和对沙克尔顿的信任帮助我们坚持顽强地活了下来。他给我们的回报则是承诺返回岛上,并且把我们从缓慢而又痛苦的死亡中解救出来。ReadingandWritingFANZHONGYAN范仲淹PerhapsoneofthemostfamoussayingsinChinais,"Tobethefirsttofeelconcernforthetroublesoftheworld,andthelasttoenjoyitspleasures."WrittenbyFanZhongyan,this11thcenturyproverbprovidesagoalforallChinesegovernmentofficialstoaspireto.也许中国最著名的一句话是:"先天下之忧而忧,后天下之乐而乐"。"这句11世纪的谚语由范仲淹所写,为所有中国政府官员提供了一个向往的目标。FanZhongyan(989-1052)himselfwasagoodexampleofsomeonewholivedbythesewords.FanwasborninSuzhouin989CE.Whenhewasjustoneortwoyearsold,hisfatherdiedandhismothermarriedanothermanFromaveryyoungage,hewasverydiligentinhisschoolwork.Later,helefthisstepfather’sfamilyandhadto第75页共75页,stayinatemple,wherehewasonlyabletoeatporridgeeachday.Inthewinter,hehadtocutfrozenporridgeintopiecesforhismeals.Itissaidthatonedayoneofhisfriendsnoticedthathewasnoteatingwell,sohesentoversometastyfood.Fanrefusedtotouchit,sayingthathewantedtobecontentwithwhathehad.范仲淹(989-1052)本人就是践行这句话的典范。范仲淹于公元989年出生在苏州。在他一两岁的时候,父亲去世,母亲改嫁,他从小就非常勤奋学习。后来,他离开继父家,只好住在寺庙里,每天只能吃粥。冬天的时候,他只好把冻粥切成块来吃。据说有一天,他的一个朋友发现他吃得不好,就送了一些好吃的东西过来。范仲淹不肯碰,说要知足常乐。In1015,Fanpassedtheimperialexaminationandbecameagovernmentofficial.WhileheservedinTaizhou,healwayshadthepeoplesbestinterestatheart,andsoheproposedbuildingaseawalltoprotecthomesfromflooding.Thisseawallwaslatercalled"LordFansEmbankment".Servingwithdistinction,hehelpedbuildupdefenseswhenthecountrywasthreatenedbywar.Then,oncethecountrywasatpeaceagain,hewaspromotedtoahighlevelpositioninthecapital,wherehewasabletoadvisetheemperorongovernmentpolicy.1015年,范仲淹通过科举考试,做了官。在台州任职期间,他始终以人民的利益为重,于是他提议修建一道海墙,保护家园不受水灾侵袭。这道海墙后来被称为"范大人堤"。他功勋卓著,当国家受到战争威胁时,他就帮助建立防御设施。后来,国家再次和平后,他就被提拔到京城担任高官,可以为皇帝提供政府政策方面的建议。Asanadvisortotheemperor,Fanthentriedtoinstitutegovernmentreforms,knownastheQinglireforms.However,manyconservativebureaucratsopposedhim,andsothereformswerestoppedandFanwasforcedtoleavethecapitalandgointoexile.作为皇帝的顾问,范仲淹便试图推行政府改革,即所谓的庆历改革。然而,许多保守的官僚反对他,因此改革被停止,范仲淹被迫离开京城,流放在外。Whileinexilein1045,FanwroteanessayentitledMemorialtoYueyangTower.Intheessay,hewonderedifitwaspossibletofindgovernmentofficialswhowouldbefirmintheirdesiretolookaftertheneedsofthecommonpeople,andnotworryabouttheirownpersonalwelfare.1045年流放期间,范仲淹写了一篇题为《岳阳楼纪》的文章。在文章中,他想,是否可以找到一些政府官员,坚定不移地照顾老百姓的需要,不为自己的个人福利担忧。第75页共75页,Ofsuchaman,Fansaid,"Whenservinginahighofficeatcourt,hewillbeconcernedforthepeople;iflivingondistantriversandlakes,hewillbeconcernedforhissovereign.Whenserving,heworries,whileinretirement.heworries.Andwhendoesheenjoyhimself?Onemustsay:Tobethefirsttofeelconcernforthetroublesoftheworldandthelasttoenjoyitspleasures."“居庙堂之高则忧其民,处江湖之远则忧其君。是进亦忧,退亦忧。然则何时而乐耶?其必曰“先天下之忧而忧,后天下之乐而乐”微斯人,吾谁与归?AfterFanretired,heboughtafarmandusedittoprovidejobsforlocalpeople.Theprofitsfromthefarmwerethenusedtopayfortheeducationofpoorchildren.Thoughbythistimehewasawealthyman,hespentallofhismoneyhelpingothersandlivedaverysimplelife.范仲淹退休后,买了农田雇佣当地人。然后把农田的利润用来支付贫困儿童的教育费用。虽然这个时候他已经是一个富翁了,但是他把所有的钱都用来帮助别人,自己生活非常简单。Itisrefreshingtothinkthattherewasoncesuchapersonwhodidnotjustspeakwisewordstoliveby,butwhoalsoputthosewordsintopracticeduringhisownlife.FanZhongyanwassuchaman.想到曾经有这样一个人,他不仅说了明智的话作为生活的依据,而且还在自己的一生中将这些话付诸实践,真是令人耳目一新的。范仲淹就是这样一个人。UNITFIVEPOEMS第五单元诗歌Tworoadsdivergedinawood,andItooktheonelesstravelledby.Andthathasmadeallthedifference.----RobertFrost林子里有两条路,我——选择了行人稀少的那一条它改变了我的一生。ReadingandThinking第75页共75页,AFEWSMIPLEFORMSOFENGLSHIPOEMS简体英文诗Therearevariousreasonswhypeoplecomposepoetry.Somepoemstellastoryordescribeacertainimageinthereadersmind.Otherstrytoconveycertainfeelingssuchasjoyandsorrow.Thedistinctivecharacteristicsofpoetryoftenincludeeconomicaluseofwords,descriptiveandvividlanguage,integratedimagery,literarydevicessuchassimilesandmetaphors,andarrangementofwords,lines,rhymes,andrhythm.Poetsusemanydifferentformsofpoetrytoexpressthemselves.Nowwewilllookatafewofthesimplerforms人们写诗有着各种各样的理由。有些诗是为了叙事,或者说是描述读者心目中的某个形象。而有些诗则是为了传达某种感情,比如喜悦和悲伤。诗歌的显著特点通常包括:用词简洁;语言描述生动、形象;具备整合的意象:使用明喻和隐喻等文学手法:词、句韵、节奏等编排有序。诗人用许多不同格式的诗来表达自己的情感。现在我们来看看几种格式比较简单的诗。SomeofthefirstpoemsayoungchildlearnsinEnglisharenurseryrhymes.Theyareusuallythetraditionalpoemsorfolksongs.Thelanguageoftheserhymes,likePoemA,istothepointbuthasastoryline.Manychildrenenjoynurseryrhymesbecausetheyrhyme,haveastrongrhythm,andoftenrepeatthesamewords.Thepoemsmaynotmakesenseandevenseemcontradictory,buttheyareeasytolearnandrecite.Byplayingwiththewordsinnurseryrhymeschildrenlearnaboutlanguage.孩子们最早学习的英文诗是童谣。它们通常是传统的诗歌或民歌。这些童谣(如诗歌A)的语言简单明了,但带有故事情节。许多孩子喜欢童谣,因为它们押韵,节奏感强,并较多单词重复。童谣不一定有什么意义,甚至(有的)看来自相矛盾,但是它们容易学,也容易背诵。通过童谣中的文字游戏,孩子们学习了语言。Oneofthesimplestkindsofpoemisthe"listpoem",whichcontainsalistofthings,people,ideas,ordescriptionsthatdevelopaparticulartheme.Listpoemshaveaflexiblelinelengthandrepeatedphraseswhichgivebothapatternandarhythmtothepoem.Somerhyme(likeBandC),whileothersdonot.清单诗是诗歌中最简单的一种,它包含一系列发展特定主题的事物、人物想法或描述。清单诗可长可短,可以重复一些短语,较为灵活,形成固定句型和诗的节奏。有些清单诗有韵脚(如B和C),但有一些没有。第75页共75页,Hush,littlebaby,don'tsayaword,Papa'sgonnabuyyouamockingbird.Ifthatmockingbirdwon'tsing,Papa’sgonnabuyyouadiamondring.Ifthatdiamondringturnstobrass,Papasgonnabuyyoualookingglass.Ifthatlooking-glassgetsbroke,Papa'sgonnabuyyouabillygoat.Ifthatbillygoatwontpull,Papa,sgonnabuyyouacartandbull.小宝宝,别说话爸爸给你买个知更鸟,知更鸟不会唱爸爸给你买个钻石戒。钻石戒,变成铜,爸爸给你买个小镜子。小镜子,打破了爸爸给你买个小山羊。如果小山羊变老了,爸爸给你买驾牛车。BMotherHundredsofstarsinthedeepblueskyHundredsofshellsontheshoretogetherHundredsofbirdsthatgosingingby,HundredsofbeesinthesunnyweatherHundredsofdewdropstogreetthedawnHundredsofbeesinthepurplecloverHundredsofbutterfliesonthelawnButonlyonemothertheworldoverGeorgeCooper第75页共75页,B母亲乔治·库柏天空夜星如织,海滨贝壳满地,鸟儿鸣唱飞过蜜蜂沐浴阳光,黎明四野朝露,苜蓿蜜蜂成群,草从蝴蝶争艳,但世界浩瀚,我唯有一母。LIFELifecanbegood,Lifecanbebad,Lifeismostlycheerfulbutsometimessad,Lifecanbedreams,Lifecanbegreatthoughts,Lifecanmeanaperson,Sittingincourt,生活生活可能美满,生活可能悲伤,生活常常充满欢乐,但有时令人沮丧。生活可能是梦幻一场,生活可能是智慧结晶。第75页共75页,生活可能将一个人送上被告法庭。Anothersimpleformofpoemthatamateurscaneasilywriteisthecinquain,whichismadeupoffivelines.Withthese,youcanconveyastrongpictureoracertainmoodinjustafewwords.Lookattheexample(D)另外一种业余爱好者容易写的简体诗是由五行组成的,叫做五行诗。用五行诗,你可以用少量的词语传递一幅动人的画面或某一特定的心情。请看例子D。HaikuisaJapaneseformofpoetrythatconsistsof17syllables.Ithasaformatofthreelines,containing5,7,and5syllablesrespectively.ItisnotatraditionalformofEnglishpoetry,butisverypopularwithEnglishwriters.Itiseasytowriteand,likethecinquain,cangiveaclearpictureandcreateaspecialfeelingusingveryfewwords.Thehaikupoem(E)ontherightisatranslationfromJapanese,whichshowsamomentinthelifeofadelicatebutterfly.俳句诗(Hak)是一种日本诗,由17个音节组成。它是三行格式,分别包含5、7和5个音节。它不属英诗的传统形式,但是在用英语写作的人们中间,这种诗也是很流行的。它容易写,而且像五行诗一样,它可以用最少的词语呈现出幅清晰的画面,表达出一种特殊的感情。右边的徘句诗(E)就是从日文翻译出来的,展示了一只蝴蝶生命中的一个瞬间。EnglishspeakersalsoenjoypoemsfromChina,thosefromtheTangDynastyinparticular.AlotofTangpoetryhasbeentranslatedintoEnglish,suchasthisone(F)说英语的人也喜欢中国的诗,尤其是唐诗。有许多唐诗被翻译成英文,比如这一首诗(F)。(D)BrotherBeautifu,athleticTeasing,shouting,laughingFriendandenemytooMine(D)兄弟第75页共75页,爱美,又爱运动爱闹,爱叫,又爱笑是我的朋友也是我的敌人EAfallenblossomIscomingbacktothebranchLook,abutterfly(E)落下的花朵回到了树枝上。瞧啊,是个蝴蝶!FWheresheawaitsherhusbandOnandontheriverflows.Neverlookingback,TransformedintostoneDaybydayuponthemountaintop,windandramrevolveShouldthetravellerreturnthisstonewouldutterspeechWangJian望夫石王健望夫处,江悠悠,化为石,不回头。山头日日风复雨,第75页共75页,行人归来石应语。Withsomanydifferentformsofpoetrytochoosefrom,youmayeventuallywanttowritepoemsofyourown.Giveitatry!有了这么多可供选择的诗歌类型,你最终也许想自己作诗了。试一试吧!UsingLanguageWINDONTHEHILLNoonecantellmeNobodyknowsWherethewindcomesfromWherethewindgoesIt'sflyingfromsomewhereAsfastasitcanIcouldn’tkeepupwithit,NotifIranButifIstoppedholdingThestringofmykite.ItwouldblowwiththewindForadayandaniglAndthenwhenIfounditWhereveritblew,IshouldknowthatthewindHadbeengoingtheretoo.SothenIcouldtellthemWherethewindgoes…ButwherethewindcomesfromNobodyknows.第75页共75页,AA.Milne山上的风没有人能够告诉我,也没有人会知道,风来自哪里,又将去往哪里。它从一个地方吹来,尽它所能,飞快地吹来,我不能赶上它,即使我奔跑。但如果我停下来,不再紧握我手中的风筝线,它将被风吹跑。一天一夜后来当我发现它,它吹向任何地方,我会知道风也曾经去过那里。所以当我能告诉他们风去了哪里……但是风从哪里来没有人知道。(A·A米尔恩)DREAMHoldfasttodreams,ForifdreamsdieLifeisabroken-wingedbirdThatcannotfly.第75页共75页,Holdfasttodreams.ForwhendreamsgoLifeisabarrenfieldFrozenwithsnowlangstonHughes梦想紧紧抓住梦想,梦想若是消亡生命就象鸟儿折了翅膀再也不能飞翔。紧紧抓住梦想,梦想若是消丧生命就像贫瘠的荒野,雪覆冰封,万物不再生长.(兰斯顿.体斯)AMATCHIflovewerewhattheroseisAndIweretheleaf.OurliveswouldgrowtogetherInsadorsingingweather,BrownfieldsorflowerfulclosesGreenpleasureorgreygrief:IflovewerewhattheroseisAndIwereliketheleaf.ACSwinburne第75页共75页,配偶爱情若是红玫瑰,我是绿叶永相随花叶同枝共生长任凭日晒与风吹,田园小径均开遍共担忧伤共喜悦,爱情若是红玫瑰我是绿叶永相随(AC・斯温伯恩)ReadingandWritingEXPLORINGPOETRYINCHINA探寻中国的诗歌Poetryplayswithsounds,words,andgrammar,Thatmakespoetrydifficulttowritebutveryinterestingtoread.Poetryusescolours,feelings,experiences,andimagestopaintapictureinyourmind诗歌与声音、单词和语法相结合,这使得诗歌很难写,但读起来非常有趣。诗歌用色彩、感情、经验和形象在你的脑海中描绘出一幅幅画面。InChineseclassicalpoetry,theformisveryimportant:thecorrectnumberoflinesandthenumberofcharactersineachline.Poetryoftenfollowsspecialpatternsofrhythmandrhyme.在中国古典诗歌中,形式非常重要:正确的行数和每行的字数。诗歌往往遵循特殊的节奏和韵律模式。However,modernpoetsbegantorejecttraditionalformsandstructuresforpoetryinthe20thcentury.Asaresult,mostpoetrytodayiswritteninfreeverse,withlinesofvaryinglength.然而,现代诗人在20世纪开始抵制传统的诗歌形式和结构。因此,今天大多数诗歌都是用自由诗写的,诗行长短不一。DuringtheTangDynasty,ahighpointofclassicalChinesepoetry,poemsbyLiBai,DuFu,andWangWeibecameverypopular,Widelyknownasageniusandoftencalledthe"ImmortalPoet",LiBai(701-762)wrotewitharomanticstyleandhispoemscelebratethingssuchasfriendship,nature,andwine.DuFu(712-770)isalso第75页共75页,knownasoneofthegreatestChinesepoets.Hehasbeencalledthe"poet-historian"andthe"PoetSage"byChinesecritics,andhispoemscoverarangeoftopics,withhismostfamouspoemsreflectingontheeffectsofwaronthepeople.WangWe(701-761)wasapainter,musician,andpoet,andhewaswellknownforhisloveofnatureinhispaintingsandpoetry.中国古典诗歌巅峰时期,唐朝李白,杜甫,和王维诗歌非常受欢迎,广泛被称为天才,通常被称为“不朽的诗人”,李白(701-762年),他的诗词以浪漫主义风格著称,他的诗词歌颂友谊、自然、酒等。杜甫(712-770)也被称为中国最伟大的诗人之一。他被中国评论家称为"诗史家"和"诗圣",他的诗涉及的题材广泛,最著名的诗作是反映战争对人民的影响。王维(701-761)是一位画家、音乐家、诗人,他的画作和诗歌以热爱自然而著称。OutsideofAsia,thestudyofChineselanguageintroducedtheWesttoChinesepoetry.AmericanswerefirstintroducedtoclassicalChinesepoetrybyAmericanpoetEzraPound(1885-1973).Hetranslated18classicalChinesepoems,mainlybyLiBai,intoEnglish,basedonthenotesoftheAmericanarthistorianErnestFenollosa(1853-1908).Ataboutthesametime,Chinesewritersstartedreadingmoreforeignpoetry.Fromaround1910onwards,EuropeanliteraturecametoChinawhensomefamouswritersbegantotranslatebothpoetryandnovelsintoChinese。在亚洲之外,汉语的研究让西方人认识了中国的诗歌。美国人最早经由美国诗人埃兹拉-庞德(1885-1973)而接触到中国古典诗词。他根据美国艺术史学家欧内斯特-费诺罗萨(ErnestFenollosa,1853-1908)的笔记,将18首以李白为主的中国古典诗词翻译成英文。大约在同一时间,中国作家开始更多地阅读外国诗歌。大约从1910年开始,欧洲文学传入中国,一些著名作家开始将诗歌和小说翻译成中文。JustlikereadersintheWest,ChinesereadersadmireShakespeare,JohnMilton,AlexanderPopeandmanyothersfortheirfineEnglishpoetry.EnglishRomanticpoetsaregreatlylovedinChina.ThenaturepoemsbyWilliamWordsworth,OdetotheWestWindbyPercyByssheShelley,GeorgeGordonByron'sIslesofGreece,andlongpoemsbyJohnKeatshavelongbeenfavourites.ThestyleandtheatmosphereintheirpoemshaveoftenledtocomparisonswithpoetssuchasDuFuandLiBai.Amongmodernpoetry,theAmericanpoetRobertFrostandhispoemsmightbethebestknown.第75页共75页,就像西方的读者一样,中国读者欣赏莎士比亚、约翰-弥尔顿、亚历山大-波普等人的优秀英文诗歌。英国浪漫主义诗人在中国深受喜爱。威廉-华兹华斯的自然诗、珀西-拜谢-雪莱的《西风颂》、乔治-戈登-拜伦的《希腊群岛》、约翰-济慈的长诗等,早已成为人们的最爱。他们的诗风和诗中的气氛,常使人与杜甫、李白等诗人相提并论。在现代诗歌中,美国诗人罗伯特-弗罗斯特和他的诗歌可能是最著名的。Today,manyChinesepeoplearebecomingmoreinterestedinreadingpoems,nomatterinwhatlanguagetheyarewritten.Translationscanbegood,butbeingabletoreadintheoriginallanguageisbest.Nomatterhowwellapoemistranslated,somethingofthespiritoftheoriginalworkislost.Besides,poemsandliteraturecanbebridgesbetweenEastandWest.Theycanhelpustounderstandeachotherbetter,orasthepoetMuDanwrote:Quietly,weembraceInaworldlitupbywords.如今,很多中国人越来越喜欢读诗,不管是用什么语言写的诗。翻译可以是好的,但能用原文阅读是最好的。无论一首诗翻译得多好,都会失去原作的一些精髓。此外,诗歌和文学可以成为东西方之间的桥梁。它们可以帮助我们更好地理解对方,或者像诗人穆旦写的那样。静静地,我们拥抱着在这个被文字点亮的世界里。第75页共75页
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